urban futures

• What is urbanisation?

  The movement of people from rural areas into the cities
• What are some challenges faced by people moving to urban areas?

  • Lack of safe water and sanitation
  • Lack of leisure and entertainment
  • Difficulty finding work
  • Overcrowded housing
• What are some benefits of urbanisation?

  • More people benefit from services
  • Better transport links
  • Wide range of jobs
  • Lots of leisure activities
  • Access to better housing
  • Better public transport
• What are some negative consequences of urbanisation?

  Higher crime rates, more traffic congestion, increased pollution, and loss of green spaces
• What is predicted about the world's cities in one hundred years?

  They will be much larger and more densely populated
• What factors contribute to the changes in birth and death rates in urban areas?

  • Birth rates and death rates fall
  • Better access to education and job opportunities
  • Continued migration to cities
• What happens to rural areas as people migrate to cities?

  Rural areas have fewer people as they move to find jobs and services
• How does urbanisation affect housing in cities?

  • People are living in smaller houses or apartments
  • Houses are built higher
• What improvements can be expected in urban areas due to urbanisation?

  • Improved access to healthcare and education
  • Better job opportunities and higher earning potential
  • Better quality of life with leisure and entertainment options
• What is a consequence of increased car ownership in urban areas?

  Increased pollution
• What pressures increase due to urbanisation?

  • Pressure on land and resources
  • Houses become expensive to buy or rent
• What are some negative consequences of urbanisation related to food and resources?

  • Increased pollution
  • Lack of space to grow food
  • Less green space
  • Less water
• What is a repeated consequence of urbanisation mentioned in the study material?

  Increase in pollution
• Reurbanisation

  Movement of people from rural areas to cities.
• Causes of reurbanisation

  lack of jobs so people move for work

  lack of leisure and entertainment facilities

  improved housing

  young people being attracted to universities

  tourism may increase
• Consequences of reurbanisation

  increased shop benefit from more local people

  less employment within the area as there are too many people

  improved polluting in rural areas

  urban tourism may increase
• Counter urbanisation

  Movement of people from cities to rural areas.
• Causes of counter urbanisation

  good transport links so people can travel easily from rural areas into cities for work

  escaping from pollution, poor housing and high crime e.g. london

  more affordable housing
• Consequences of counter urbanisation

  local people in rural areas benefit from selling land

  increased congestion due to a large number of cars

  an increase in house prices
• Suburbanisation

  Movement of people from city centres to the outskirts of city centres.
• Causes of Suburbanisation

  suburbs are believed to give a better quality of life as cities are overcrowded and polluted

  fewer jobs so people may have to leave to look for employment
• Consequences of suburbanisation

  offices and business may be abandoned

  increased air pollution

  unemployment increases which may lead to poverty
• What is rapid urbanisation?

  the swift growth and expansion of urban areas
• what does rapid urbanisation mean for cities?

  pressure on infrastructures,schooling,healthcare,clean water supply and safe water disposal

  high rates of population growth
• Megacities

  Cities with over 10 million people living in them e.g. the london metropolitan area
• World cities

  Cities that hold a major influence in the world e.g. London

  centres for media and communicatiions
• Urbanisation

  An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.
• Urban area

  A built up area/densely populated area with infrastructure

  e.g. a town or city
• Functions of urban areas

  employment - has jobs

  markets - goods can be bought and sold

  residential - where people live

  entertainment - has leisure activities e.g. cinemas

  religion - there are various religions
• Economic hubs

  Regions with concentrated economic activities.
• Transport links

  Connections facilitating travel between urban and rural.
• Urban employment

  Job opportunities available in cities.
• Squatter settlements

  Overcrowded, poorly built urban housing areas.
• Urban migration

  Movement of people to urban areas for jobs.
• Pollution

  Contamination caused by urbanization and traffic.
• Quality of life

  General well-being and living conditions of people.
• Employment opportunities

  Availability of jobs in a specific area.
• Health care access

  Availability of medical services in urban areas.
• Population density

  Number of people living per unit area.
• Rural-urban migration

  Movement from rural to urban areas like towns and cities

  more common in LIDCs and EDCs than ACs due to education and job opportunities