Resperation

• Cellular respiration


  Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules
• Exothermic reaction


  A reaction that releases energy to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat

  
• Aerobic respiration


  Cell respiration which happens in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria of the cell

  
• Word equation for aerobic respiration


  Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

  
• Balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration


  C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

  
• Anaerobic respiration


  Cell respiration which happens in the absence of oxygen

  
• Word equation for anaerobic respiration


  Glucose -> lactic acid (+energy)

  
• Lactic acid


  A toxic waste product that is produced during anaerobic respiration in humans and can cause muscle fatigue

  
• Incomplete oxidation


  Occurs during anaerobic respiration causing a build up of lactic acid in the muscles
• Fermentation


  Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells which produces ethanol and carbon dioxide

  
• Word equation for fermentation


  Glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol (+energy)

  
• Uses of fermentation


  The manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks

  
• Liver


  Receives blood from the muscles with lactic acid and converts the lactic acid back into glucose

  
• Oxygen debt


  The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid

  
• Effect of exercise


  Increased heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume to supply the muscles with more oxygen

  
• Organisms need energy for


  Movement, keeping warm and chemical reactions to make larger molecules
• Glucose (C6H12O6)


  The main reactant of respiration that is obtained from the digestion of carbohydrates

  
• Oxygen (O2)


  A molecule that is essential for the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration

  
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)


  A waste product of respiration that is removed from cells and the body via gas exchange

  
• Water (H2O)


  A byproduct of respiration that is either used or removed from the body typically during exhalation or urination

  
• Metabolism


  The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body
• Metabolism includes


  The synthesis of new molecules, the breakdown of existing molecules and the process of respiration
• Energy transferred by cellular respiration


  Is used by organisms for the continual enzyme-controlled processes of metabolism
• Enzymes and metabolism


  Enzymes regulate most cellular reactions and are essential for the synthesis and breakdown of molecules

  
• Conversion of glucose to complex carbohydrates


  Glucose can be converted into starch, glycogen and cellulose

  
• Formation of lipid molecules


  One molecule of glycerol joins with three fatty acids

  
• Amino acid production


  Glucose and nitrate ions form amino acids which are used to make proteins

  
• Protein synthesis


  Amino acids join together in specific arrangements to form proteins

  
• Urea excretion


  Excess proteins are broken down to form urea for excretion

  
• Digestion


  Requires energy from respiration to break down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

  
• Carbohydrates


  Provide energy for chemical reactions and can break down into sugars

  
• Proteins


  The building blocks of cells and tissues that can break down into amino acids

  
• Lipids


  An energy store of fats and oils that can break down into glycerol and fatty acids