Electromagnetism

• How many phalanges are there in each hand?

  14
• How many metacarpals are in each hand?

  5
• How many carpals are in each wrist?

  8
• What are the components of the hand and fingers anatomy?

  • Phalanges: 14 in each hand
  • Metacarpals: 5 in each hand
  • Carpals: 8 in each wrist
• How are the phalanges numbered?

  They are numbered 1 to 5 laterally to medially.
• How many phalanges are in digits 2 to 5?

  Three in each digit.
• How many phalanges are in the first digit (thumb)?

  Two.
• How are phalanges named?

  By location, e.g., distal phalanx of the third digit.
• What type of bones are phalanges classified as?

  Long bones.
• What do metacarpals compose?

  They compose the palm of the hand.
• How are metacarpals identified?

  By numbers, laterally to medially.
• What articulates with the heads of metacarpals?

  Proximal phalanges.
• What articulates with the bases of metacarpals?

  Carpal bones.
• What type of bones are metacarpals classified as?

  Long bones.
• What are the two rows of carpals and their names?

  • Proximal row (lateral to medial):
  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquetrum
  • Pisiform
  • Distal row (lateral to medial):
  • Trapezium
  • Trapezoid
  • Capitate
  • Hamate
• How are carpals classified?

  Short bones.
• What mnemonic aids in remembering the names and locations of carpals?

  • S: Scaphoid
  • L: Lunate
  • T: Triquetrum
  • P: Pisiform
  • T: Trapezium
  • T: Trapezoid
  • C: Capitate
  • H: Hamate
• What are interphalangeal (IP) joints?

  Articulations between phalanges.
• How are IP joints classified?

  As synovial, diarthrotic, or freely movable joints, hinge type.
• What are metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints?

  Articulations between the heads of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges.
• How are MCP joints classified?

  As synovial, diarthrotic, ellipsoidal type.
• What are carpometacarpal (CMC) joints?

  Articulations between the bases of the metacarpals and the carpal bones.
• How is the first CMC joint classified?

  As synovial, diarthrotic, saddle type.
• How are the second to fourth CMC joints classified?

  As gliding types.
• What are intercarpal joints?

  Articulations between the carpal bones.
• How are intercarpal joints classified?

  As synovial, diarthrotic, gliding type.
• What is the radiocarpal joint?

  Articulation between the carpals and the distal radius.
• How is the radiocarpal joint classified?

  As synovial, diarthrotic, ellipsoidal type.
• What is the second IP joint of the second digit called?

  DIP joint of the second digit.
• Which carpal bone is in the proximal row between the scaphoid and triquetrum?

  Lunate.
• What are the general procedural guidelines for digits, hand, and wrist radiography?

  • Patient preparation: Remove artifacts
  • General patient position: Comfort and safety
  • IR/Collimation size: Smallest IR for anatomy
  • Source-to-image receptor distance (SID): Standard is 40 inches
  • ID markers: Right or left side markers included
  • Radiation protection: Close collimation and optimum technique
  • Patient instructions: Explain positions and hold still
• What should be removed from the anatomy of interest during patient preparation?

  Artifacts like watches and rings.
• What is the general patient position for ambulatory patients during radiography?

  Seated at the end of the x-ray table with the affected extremity on the IR.
• How should nonambulatory patients be positioned during radiography?

  Alter positioning to maximize comfort and safety.
• What is the recommended IR size for demonstrating anatomy?

  10 × 12 inches (24 × 30 cm) or 14 × 17 inches (35 × 43 cm).
• What is the standard SID for radiography?

  40 inches.
• What should be included in radiographic images for ID markers?

  Right or left side markers clear of anatomy of interest.
• What is the purpose of radiation protection during radiography?

  To ensure optimum technique factors and reduce patient anxiety.
• What breathing instructions are required for digit, hand, and wrist procedures?

  Breathing instructions are not required except to hold the part still.
• What are the essential projections for digits 2 to 5?

  • PA
  • Lateral
  • PA oblique