Vocab unit 3

• What are the three Gunpowder Empires mentioned in the study material?

  Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires
• How did the Gunpowder Empires primarily conquer and control territories?

  By relying on firearms
• Who invented the printing press in the 15th century?

  Johan Gutenberg
• What was the impact of Gutenberg's printing press on society?

  It increased literacy
• Which dynasty ruled England during the 15th to 17th centuries?

  The Tudors
• What significant actions did Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand take in Spain during the late 15th century?


  They united Spain and forced Muslims and Jews to leave
• Who did Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand send to the Western Hemisphere?

  Christopher Columbus
• What is Ivan IV also known as?

  Ivan the Terrible
• What did Ivan IV achieve in relation to the Mongols?

  He defeated the Mongols and expanded Russia's territory
• What dynasty did the Ming Dynasty defeat?

  The Yuan Dynasty
• What group of people established the Qing Dynasty?

  The Manchu
• What was the purpose of portraits used by the Qing Dynasty?

  To legitimize their rule
• What was the White Lotus Rebellion?

  A peasant rebellion in China against the Qing Dynasty
• Who was Tamerlane also known as?

  Timur the Lame
• What was Tamerlane's army comprised of?

  Nomadic invaders from the Euroasia steppes
• What regions did the Ottoman Empire extend to?

  Turkey, northern Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Balkans
• What does the ghazi ideal represent?

  A model for the warrior life combining nomadic values with a Muslim holy fighter
• Who was Mehmed II and what did he accomplish?

  He was called the Conqueror and overtook Constantinople in 1453
• What name did Mehmed II give to Constantinople after its conquest?

  Istanbul
• What was the significance of Suleiman I's leadership in the Ottoman Empire?

  It was the peak of the empire, with military successes in Europe
• What empire was established by Sufis in modern-day Iran?

  The Safavid Empire
• Who was Ismail in the context of the Safavid Empire?

  A warrior who conquered much of Persia and was proclaimed "shah"
• What is the caste system in India?

  A rigid social hierarchy established by birth
• What are the four main castes in the Indian caste system?

  Brahmin, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras
• Who are the untouchables or Dalits in the caste system?

  The lowest caste who work with dead animals and leather goods
• Who was Shah Jahan and what is he known for?

  Leader of the Mughal Empire who built the Taj Mahal
• What was the Mughal Empire known for during Akbar's reign?

  Being one of the richest and best governed states in the world
• What trade goods were significant in the Mughal Empire?

  Textiles, tropical foods, spices, and precious stones
• What is Sikhism?

  A religion from northern India combining elements of Hinduism and Sufism
• What is the divine right of kings?

  A belief that a king's right to rule is given by God
• What document ensured civil liberties in England?

  The English Bill of Rights
• How did absolutism in France differ from England?

  France's leader enjoyed absolute power, unlike England
• Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

  Louis XIV's minister who increased the king's power
• What were intendants in France?

  Royal officials and bureaucratic elites
• What title did Louis XIV hold and what was he known as?

  The Sun King
• What was the purpose of the palace of Versailles?

  To ensure loyalty from the nobility
• Who were the boyars in Russia?

  The noble and landowning class
• What is serfdom in Russia?

  The peasant class that sank into debt and was forced into serfdom
• Who is known for modernizing Russia?

  Peter I
• What was the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?

  When Catholic boys were given as tributes and reformed into Muslim elite