Kohlberg's theory

• What do cognitive explanations of gender development focus on?

  Child's understanding of gender
• How do children develop gender roles according to cognitive explanations?

  Through cognitive understanding of the world
• How many stages are there in children's understanding of gender?

  Three stages
• At what age do boys and girls show differences in gender behaviour?

  About the age of 6
• What is the first stage of gender understanding?

  Gender identity
• What awareness do children have in the gender identity stage?

  Awareness of their own gender
• At what age can children identify themselves as a boy or girl?

  Age 2
• What do children not see about gender in the gender identity stage?

  Gender as stable over time
• What is the second stage of gender understanding?

  Gender stability
• What do children recognize in the gender stability stage?

  That their own gender is fixed over time
• What misconception do children have in the gender stability stage?

  Physical changes can change gender
• What is the third stage of gender understanding?

  Gender constancy
• What do children understand in the gender constancy stage?

  Gender is constant over time for all
• When do children start to act in a gendered way?

  When they reach gender constancy
• What drives the transition through the stages of gender understanding?

  Maturation and socialization
• What does maturation refer to in gender development?

  Understanding develops with biological maturity
• What is socialization in the context of gender development?

  Children construct their social world actively
• What is egocentrism according to Kohlberg?

  Assuming everyone sees the world the same
• What task illustrates egocentrism in children?

  The Sally Anne Task
• At what age do children begin to understand others' points of view?

  At the age of 6
• What does conservation refer to in gender understanding?

  Gender remains constant over time
• What does reversibility refer to in gender understanding?

  Gender can revert to previous states
• What process enables children to see differences in others?

  Decentration
• What did Slaby and Frey (1975) study in children?

  Attention to same-sex role models
• What was the finding of Slaby and Frey (1975)?

  Children with gender constancy preferred same-sex models
• What did Munroe et al (1994) find in their study?

  Similar stages in other cultures
• What does the similarity in developmental stages across cultures imply?

  Cognitive maturation is a universal process
• What contradictory evidence did Bussey & Bandura (1992) present?

  Differences in gender behavior at age 2
• What do children report feeling about gender-appropriate toys?

  Good about playing with them
• What do boys show regarding gender roles compared to girls?

  Less flexible concepts of gender role
• What are likely reasons for boys' resistance to opposite sex activities?

  Social and cultural reasons
• What debate is highlighted in the study of gender development?

  Nature and nurture
• Are children egocentric in the gender identity stage?

  yes
• Do children understand reversibility and conservation during the gender identity stage?

  No
• Are children egocentric during the gender stability stage?

  Yes
• Do children start to decentrise during the gender stability stage?

  Yes
• Do children understand conservation during the gender stability stage?

  Yes
• Do children understand reversibility during the gender stability stage?

  No
• Are children egocentric during the gender constancy stage?

  No
• Do children in the gender constancy stage understand conservation and reversibility?

  Yes