chapter 9

• What is the main focus of Chapter 9 in the study material?

  The American Industrial Revolution
• What is the division of labor and how does it relate to factories?

  • Work becomes more rote and efficient
  • Specific tasks are performed (assembly line)
  • Seen in industries like slaughterhouses and shoe factories
• What was the nickname for Cincinnati during the Industrial Revolution?

  Porkopolis
• Why did the British Government forbid mechanics and machines to leave Britain?

  To protect their industrial advantage
• Who is known as the Father of the factory system in America?

  Samuel Slater
• What did Samuel Slater do when he emigrated to America?

  He brought memorized plans for factories
• What were the advantages of the US in the industrial competition with Britain?

  • Abundant natural resources
  • Tariffs on foreign goods (part of Henry Clay’s American system)
  • Promoted American business over foreign competition
• In which years did the US institute tariffs on foreign goods?

  1816, 1824, 1828, 1832, 1833
• What was the Lowell System?

  A system where farmers' daughters worked in factories and lived in employer-provided housing
• How did the US improve on British machines during the Industrial Revolution?

  By creating better machines and utilizing cheaper labor
• What significant invention did Eli Whitney create in 1793?

  The cotton gin
• What was the impact of the cotton gin on slavery?

  It led to an increase in slavery as more land was needed for cotton production
• What are interchangeable parts and where were they used?

  Parts that are identical and used for guns and other products
• What was the role of unions during the labor movement?

  • Formed to bargain with employers
  • Early American law viewed unions as illegal
  • Commonwealth v Hunt (1837) declared unions legal
• What was the significance of the Commonwealth v Hunt decision?

  It declared unions legal in Massachusetts
• What is the Market Revolution?

  • Change in labor systems, population, and transportation
  • Greatly affected the Northeast and Midwest
• What were the key developments in the Transportation Revolution?

  • National Road funded by the federal government
  • Canals and steamboats shrank distances
  • Railroads linked the North and Midwest
• What was the Eerie Canal and its significance?

  A canal that connected Albany to Buffalo and beyond, enhancing trade
• What inventions helped farmers during the Industrial Revolution?

  The McCormick Reaper and Deere’s steel plow
• How did the South's economy differ from the North during the Industrial Revolution?

  • The South relied on agriculture (cotton)
  • The South did not invest in manufacturing
• What was the impact of the Market and Industrial Revolution on social classes?

  • Larger houses, better clothes, cheaper products
  • Emergence of distinct social classes
• How did the wealthy dress after the Industrial Revolution?

  In finer clothing and had carriages and servants
• Who made up the emerging middle class in the 1840s?

  Farmers, merchants, lawyers, etc.
• What was the role of women in the middle class during the Industrial Revolution?

  They bought books, pianos, etc.
• What was the impact of economic downturns on poor workers?

  Poor workers were especially hit hard and children often worked to help provide for families
• What was the Benevolent Empire?

  • A religious movement to reduce alcohol and vices
  • Encouraged governments to ban carnivals
  • Created homes for orphans and asylums for the mentally ill
• Who played an instrumental role in the Second Great Awakening?

  Charles Grandison Finney
• What were the beliefs of Charles Grandison Finney?

  He preached that individuals had free will and could be saved
• What was the American Temperance Society?

  A society with 200,000 members that promised to abstain from alcohol
• What were the characteristics of "Old immigration" during the Industrial Revolution?

  • Included Germans and Irish
  • Irish faced poverty and settled in cities in the Northeast
  • Irish potato famine led to increased immigration
• What is nativism?

  Dislike or distrust of immigrants
• Why did many Protestants fear the power of the pope during the Industrial Revolution?

  Due to the influx of Catholic immigrants
• What restrictions were placed on workers in the Lowell System?

  • Curfews were enforced
  • Alcohol was prohibited
• How did the Market Revolution impact the environment?

  • Canals and roads changed the environmental landscape of the US
• What was the significance of the National Road?

  It was funded by the federal government to improve transportation
• How did state governments contribute to the development of canals?

  • They subsidized the construction of canals
• What were the social dynamics between employers and employees after the Industrial Revolution?

  • Employers and employees worked alongside each other less
  • Social classes became more distinct
• What educational opportunities were available for middle-class children in the 1840s?

  They received a high school education
• What role did women play in the labor movement?

  • They were active in advocating for workers' rights
  • Many resisted movements like temperance
• How did the Second Great Awakening influence society?

  • It encouraged religious revival and conversion
  • Promoted the idea of free will in salvation