Science

• Freezing


  The process where a liquid turns into a solid, examples: water to ice, juice to frozen juice.
• Melting


  The process where a solid turns into a liquid, examples: ice to water, butter to liquid.
• Liquid


  A state of matter where particles are close together but can move freely, taking the shape of their container and having changeable volume.
• Solid


  A state of matter where particles are closely packed and have a fixed position, retaining their shape and volume.
• Gas


  A state of matter where particles are widely spaced and can move freely, taking the shape and volume of their container with changeable volume.
• Solid Particles


  Particles are closely packed and have a fixed position, vibrating in place.
• Solid Motion


  Particles vibrate in place, but don't change their position.
• Liquid Particles


  Particles are close together, but have some freedom to move, sliding past each other.
• Liquid Motion


  Particles move freely, but still maintain contact with each other.
• Gas Motion


  Particles move freely, rapidly colliding with each other and the container's walls.
• Gas Particles


  Particles are widely spaced and have a lot of freedom to move, rapidly colliding with each other and the container's walls.
• Spectrometer


  Tools to analyze properties of light
• Microscope


  Equipment to magnify small objects
• Thermometer


  Tool to measure temperature
• Compound Microscope


  Microscope that uses lenses to magnify up to 1000x
• Radio Telescope


  Telescope that detects radio waves emitted by celestial objects
• Pipette


  Equipment to measure and transfer small amounts of liquids
• Microscope


  Used to study cells, microorganisms, and tissues
• Telescope


  Used to study celestial objects and gather data for astronomy research
• Spectrometer


  Used to analyze the chemical composition of materials and substances
• Positively charged particle near negatively charged particle


  Attraction
• Two particles with same charge


  Repulsion
• Particle with specific spin in magnetic field


  Alignment
• Process by which a liquid turns into a gas below boiling point

  Evaporation
• Condition necessary for evaporation


  Contact with vapor and surrounding environment with energy
• Energy required for liquid-gas transition during evaporation


  Latent heat of vaporization
• Random movement of small particles suspended in a fluid

  Brownian Motion
• Type of diffusion where molecules move due to thermal motion


  Molecular Diffusion
• Definition of diffusion


  Random movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration
• Difference between boiling and evaporation


  Boiling at boiling point, evaporation at temperature below boiling point
• Temperature at which vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure and liquid boils


  Boiling point
• Process by which a liquid changes to a gas at its boiling point


  Boiling
• Movement of molecules during melting and freezing


  Molecules move faster and spread out during melting, slow down and come closer together during freezing
• Temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid


  Freezing point
• Process by which a liquid changes to a solid at its freezing point

  Freezing
• Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid


  Melting point
• Definition of density


  Mass per unit volume
• Formula for calculating density


  Density = mass / volume
• Units of density


  g/mL or kg/m^3
• Characteristics of a gas


  Particles are widely spaced and free to move