protien synthesis

• How does a mole made of just 4 "letters" direct the production of complex organisms?

  It serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins.
• What is NOT considered the genetic material?

  RNA
• What is the role of enzymes in cell function?

  Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions within cells.
• What is the primary function of DNA replication?

  To copy genetic information for cell division.
• What do proteins do in relation to DNA?

  Proteins are synthesized based on the information stored in DNA.
• What does DNA store?

  Genetic information.
• How does the amount and type of DNA differ among organisms?

  Different organisms have varying amounts and types of DNA that determine their characteristics.
• How is DNA copied and passed from generation to generation?

  Through the processes of DNA replication and cell division.
• What are the "3 Ingredients" for protein synthesis?

  • DNA
  • RNA
  • Amino acids
• Where is DNA found?

  In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
• How does RNA differ from DNA in size?

  RNA is smaller than DNA.
• What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

  RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
• What are the components of a nucleotide?

  Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and sugar.
• What is the difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides?

  DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.
• What are the two major processes of protein synthesis?

  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
• What happens during transcription?

  DNA is converted into mRNA.
• What is the purpose of translation in protein synthesis?

  To convert mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
• What is a codon?

  A sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to an amino acid.
• How does the genetic code relate nucleotide sequences to amino acid sequences?

  The genetic code dictates which codons correspond to which amino acids.
• What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

  It synthesizes RNA from the DNA template.
• What are the three stages of transcription?

  Initiation, elongation, and termination.
• What happens during RNA processing?

  • Introns are removed
  • Exons are spliced together
  • A 5' cap and a poly-A tail are added
• What is the function of tRNA in translation?

  tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches them with codons in mRNA.
• What is the role of rRNA in the ribosome?

  rRNA helps form the structure of the ribosome and catalyzes protein synthesis.
• What is the significance of the start codon in translation?

  The start codon signals the beginning of protein synthesis.
• What happens during the elongation phase of translation?

  Amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain.
• What is translocation in the context of translation?

  Translocation is the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA strand.
• What is the summary of the protein synthesis process?

  1. Transcription: DNA is transcribed to mRNA.
  2. RNA processing: Introns are removed, and exons are spliced.
  3. Translation: mRNA is translated to tRNA, which assembles amino acids into a polypeptide.
• What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

  The ribosome is the site where polypeptides are synthesized.
• What is the function of the large and small subunits of the ribosome?

  The large subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation, while the small subunit binds mRNA.
• What is the most abundant type of RNA?

  rRNA
• Where is rRNA found in the cell?

  Along the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm.
• What is the role of the initiator tRNA during translation?

  The initiator tRNA binds to the start codon and brings the first amino acid.
• How does tRNA match amino acids with codons in mRNA?

  By using anticodons that are complementary to the mRNA codons.
• What happens during peptide bond formation in translation?

  A covalent bond is formed between adjacent amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
• What keeps the translation process going until completion?

  The ribosome reads two codons at a time until it reaches a stop codon.
• What is the significance of the genetic code in protein synthesis?

  • Dictates the relationship between nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences.
  • All organisms share the same codons for the same amino acids.
• What is the function of the poly-A tail in mRNA processing?

  It protects mRNA from degradation and aids in export from the nucleus.
• Why are introns removed during RNA processing?

  Introns are non-coding sequences that do not contribute to the final protein product.
• What is the role of the G-cap in mRNA processing?

  The G-cap protects mRNA and assists in ribosome binding during translation.