Germany

• What powers were granted to the President under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution?


  Emergency powers to take necessary actions during crises
• How did Article 48 allow the President to act during emergencies?

  It allowed the President to bypass the Reichstag and issue decrees
• When was Article 48 enacted?

  In 1919
• What was the original aim of Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution?


  To maintain stability during crises
• How was Article 48 exploited by Hitler?


  It was used to seize power and undermine democracy
• What historical context led to the creation of Article 48?

  It was a response to the tumultuous post-World War I period in Germany
• How did Article 48 contribute to the weakening of the Weimar Republic's democratic institutions?

  It allowed for authoritarian rule and bypassing of democratic processes
• What characterized the cultural developments in Weimar Germany?

  An explosion of cultural creativity in art, literature, film, and music
• Who were notable artists during the cultural flourishing of Weimar Germany?

  George Grosz and Otto Dix
• What was the significance of the Bauhaus school during Weimar Germany?

  It heralded a new approach to architecture and design, blending art with functionality
• What groundbreaking film emerged from Weimar Germany?

  'Metropolis' by Fritz Lang
• What themes did writers like Thomas Mann and Bertolt Brecht explore during this period?

  Political themes and existential questions
• What was hyperinflation in Weimar Germany characterized by?

  Rapidly escalating prices and severe financial instability
• What triggered hyperinflation in Weimar Germany?

  The massive printing of money to finance World War I
• What did people need to buy basic goods during hyperinflation?

  Wheelbarrows of cash
• What was the social impact of hyperinflation in Weimar Germany?

  It caused widespread poverty and social unrest
• When did the hyperinflation crisis end?

  With the introduction of a new currency in 1924
• What was the Kapp Putsch?

  A failed right-wing coup in 1920 against the Weimar Republic government
• Who led the Kapp Putsch?

  Wolfgang Kapp
• What was the government's response to the Kapp Putsch?

  They asked the people of Berlin to go on a general strike
• What was the outcome of the Kapp Putsch?


  Kapp and his followers fled the city when the strike paralyzed Berlin
• What characterized political extremism during the Weimar Republic?

  Clashes between various radical groups leading to instability and violence
• Which parties gained popularity during the Weimar Republic?

  Extreme left-wing (Communists) and right-wing (Nazis) parties
• What events highlighted the conflicts of political extremism in Weimar Germany?

  Political assassinations, such as the murders of Matthias Erzberger and Walther Rathenau
• What fueled extremist sentiments in Weimar Germany?

  The Treaty of Versailles and economic hardships
• What was the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923?

  An early attempt by the Nazi Party to establish power
• What were the consequences of the rise of the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler?


  It resulted in dramatic political and social changes in Germany
• How did Hitler gain support for the Nazi Party?

  By utilizing propaganda and charisma to manipulate public opinion
• What economic conditions contributed to the Nazi Party's rise?

  The economic hardships following WWI provided fertile ground for their message
• What did the Enabling Act of 1933 do?

  It gave Hitler dictatorial powers, consolidating Nazi control over the government
• What was the significance of the Night of the Long Knives purge in 1934?

  It eliminated potential threats to Hitler's leadership within the Nazi Party
• How did the Great Depression impact Weimar Germany?

  It exacerbated economic hardships, leading to hyperinflation and political instability
• What was the unemployment situation in Weimar Germany during the Great Depression?

  Unemployment soared, with millions left jobless
• How did the Great Depression affect social turmoil in Germany?

  It deepened social turmoil and discontent, fueling extremist movements
• What challenges did the Weimar government face during the Great Depression?

  Increased public dissatisfaction and loss of credibility
• What was the international impact of Germany's economic woes during the Great Depression?

  It further strained European stability and contributed to global economic downturn
• What did the Treaty of Versailles do?

  It ended World War I and imposed heavy penalties on Germany
• What were the territorial and military restrictions imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles?

  It reduced German territories and military forces, banning a large army or weapons
• What financial obligations did the Treaty of Versailles impose on Germany?

  It required Germany to pay huge reparations to the Allies
• How did the Treaty of Versailles affect German national sentiment?

  It humiliated Germany and inflamed nationalist sentiments