lecture 17 - meiosis

• What are germ line cells?


  Cells that pass on their genetic information to progeny and undergo meiosis

  ex. sex cells
• What are somatic cells?


  Any cell other than sex cells
• What are the main differences between Meiosis and Mitosis?


  • Meiosis produces gametes, while mitosis produces somatic cells.
  • Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division, while mitosis involves one.
  • Meiosis results in haploid cells, while mitosis results in diploid cells.

  
• In what ways is Meiosis like a slot machine?

  It involves random assortment and independent assortment of chromosomes
• If a population of cells has 1½ times the DNA of G1 phase cells, which phase are they likely in?

  In the S phase
• What is the definition of haploid cells?

  Cells having a single set of chromosomes
• What is the definition of diploid cells?

  Cells containing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
• What are the stages of Meiosis?

  PMAT x2

  
• What happens to homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I?

  They are separated into different cells

  
• What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?


  It allows for genetic variation by exchanging information between chromosomes

  
• What are the four key ideas about Meiosis?

  1. Law of Segregation
  2. Independent Assortment
  3. Random Fertilization
  4. Crossing over
• How does the Law of Segregation affect gamete formation?


  Each gamete receives just one gene copy selected randomly
• How does the Law of Independent Assortment influence genetic diversity?


  It allows alleles of different genes to be sorted into gametes independently of one another
• How many genetically unique gametes can an organism with 10 pairs of chromosomes produce?

  1024
• What does the number "2^n" represent in genetics?

  The number of genetically unique gametes an organism can produce; n = # of chromosomes
• What is the outcome of Meiosis II?

  Four haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes

  
• How does the process of meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

  Through crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes
• What are the differences between the outcomes of mitosis and meiosis?

  • Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid cells.
  • Meiosis produces 4 genetically unique haploid cells.
• What is the role of chiasma in meiosis?

  It is the point where crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes

  
• What is the significance of the term "random fertilization" in meiosis?

  Any sperm can fertilize any egg, contributing to genetic variation
• What is the relationship between meiosis and genetic variation?


  Meiosis increases genetic variation through processes like crossing over and independent assortment
• If a cell has just completed Meiosis I, what can be said about its genetic contents?


  It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis
• What is the outcome of cytokinesis following meiosis?


  It results in the formation of haploid cells
• How does the orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I affect genetic diversity?


  It determines which version of each chromosome the offspring cells will receive
• How does meiosis contribute to the principle of independent assortment?


  Homologous chromosomes line up randomly during metaphase I

  
• What is the significance of the term "gamete" in meiosis?


  Gametes are the reproductive cells produced by meiosis

  
• What is the role of DNA replication in meiosis?


  It ensures that chromosomes are duplicated before cell division

  
• How does the process of meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of genetic outcome?


  Meiosis results in genetic variation, while mitosis produces identical cells

  
• What is the expected outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?


  It reduces the chromosome number by half

  
• Why is the concept of random assortment important in genetics?


  It contributes to the genetic diversity of populations
• How does crossing over enhance genetic diversity during meiosis?


  It allows for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

  
• What is the role of the spindle fibers during meiosis?


  They help separate chromosomes during cell division

  
• How does meiosis contribute to evolution?


  By increasing genetic variation, which can lead to adaptation
• What is the impact of errors during meiosis on genetic outcomes?


  Errors can lead to genetic disorders or abnormalities in offspring
• What is the significance of the term "cytokinesis" in meiosis?


  Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cytoplasm of the cell after meiosis
• What is the relationship between meiosis and sexual reproduction?


  Meiosis produces gametes necessary for sexual reproduction
• How does the process of meiosis ensure genetic variation in offspring?


  Through crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization
• What is the expected number of gametes produced by one meiosis process?


  Four gametes

  
• How does the orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I affect the genetic makeup of gametes?


  It determines which alleles are passed on to the gametes
• What is the significance of the diploid number in meiosis?


  The diploid number indicates the total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell