Unit 1

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Cards (469)

What was the main goal of the Crusades? 
The main goal was to reclaim Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Islamic rule.
What were the Crusades? 
The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East.
When did the Crusades occur? 
The Crusades occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries.
What years did the Northern Song Dynasty exist?
960-1127 CE
Who conquered the Northern Song Dynasty in 1127?
The Jurchen
What was the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty?
Kaifeng
Why did the Southern Song Dynasty emphasize traditional culture and values?
They felt threatened by outside forces like the Jurchen
What is referred to as the “Golden Age of Arts and Literature” in China?
Song Dynasty
What types of art flourished during the Song Dynasty?
Poetry, landscape painting, ceramics, and new forms of Confucian philosophy
What was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty?
Hangzhou
What technological advancements were made during the Song Dynasty?
Paper, paper money, gunpowder
How did the Song Dynasty manage to win battles despite being outnumbered?
They had a technological advantage
What social and political traditions persisted after the fall of the Song Dynasty?
They continued well into the 20th century
How did the paintings differ between the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties?
Northern Song paintings had more landscapes, while Southern Song paintings were more empty
What role did the South play in the Mongol conquest of the North?
The South helped the Mongols reclaim the northern part and re-established cities
When did Confucianism emerge?
In the age of the warring states (500-221 BCE)
What was the main focus of Confucianism?
Restoring order and harmony in society
Who was Confucius?
A learned and ambitious aristocrat
What did Confucius believe was the path to social and political harmony?
He believed in moral behavior and the importance of relationships
What is the name of the book compiled by Confucius's disciples?
The Analects
How did Confucianism influence the Han Dynasty?
It became the official ideology
What is the concept of the Mandate of Heaven?
It grants legitimacy to rulers and justifies new dynasties
What was the first established exam system in China?
Established by the Han Dynasty
What was the purpose of the exam system?
To staff the bureaucracy
How did the Song Dynasty improve the exam system?
They revived and made it more elaborate
What role did printing technology play in the exam system?
It made the printing of books possible for the first time
How did the exam system affect social mobility?
It provided a modest measure of social mobility
What were the three levels of testing in the exam system?
Real-world scenarios, policy proposals, and knowledge of China
What was the significance of China's economic revolution?
It made China the most rich, skilled, and populous country
What was the population of China by 1200?
120 million
What agricultural advancement contributed to China's population growth?
The adoption of Champa Rice from Vietnam
How did commercialization of agriculture benefit farmers?
Farmers could sustain themselves and sell at local markets
What was the impact of urbanization during the Song Dynasty?
China became the most urbanized country in the world
What was the population of Hangzhou during the Song Dynasty?
Over 1,000,000 people
What advancements were made in metallurgy during the Song Dynasty?
Increased output and quality for tools and weapons
How did infrastructure investments impact trade?
They facilitated easier and cheaper transport of goods
What was the role of paper money in the Song economy?
It contributed to the commercialization of society
How did movable type printing affect the economy?
It facilitated economic exchange
What was the impact of gunpowder during the Song Dynasty?
It revolutionized military affairs
What was the significance of the Grand Canal?
It facilitated the cheap movement of goods