Paper 2

• Methods of increasing water supply

  • Dams block rivers so that reservoirs of water build up behind rather than drain away
  • Water transfer transfers water from countries with a water surplus to ones with water deficit (Lesotho and South Africa)
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Farms

  • Reduces carbon footprint 
  • Expensive 
  • Noise and visual pollution 
• Advantages and Disadvantages of nuclear energy

  • New plants provide opportunities 
  • Problems with safety and possible harm to wildlife 
  • Very expensive 
• Advantages and Disadvantages of agribusiness

  • Intensive farming maximised amount of food produced 
  • Using machinery increases farm effincecy 
  • Only employs a small number of workers 
  • Chemicals damage habitats and wildlife
• Reasons for increase in water demand

  • Rising population 
  • Economic development
• Increasing food demand in the UK

  • The UK imports about 40% of its food, increases people's carbon footprint 
  • Growing demand for greater choice of exotic foods needed all year round
• Define water deficit

  Having too little water 
• Changes in UK energy mix

  • 75% of the UK's oil and gas has been used up 
  • Coal consumption has declined 
  • UK has become too dependent on imported energy 
• Changes in energy demand

  The UK consumes less energy compared to the 1970s because of a decline in industry 
• Sustainable Foods

  • Local food sourcing is rising in popularity 
  • Reduces emissions 
  • Buying locally sourced food supports local business 
  • A third of people grow their own food
• Define food deficit

  Not having enough food to feed people 
• Global water supply

  • Countries along the equator have enough water 
  • Countries furthest away from the equator have plenty of fresh water 
  • Countries north of the equator have physical water scarcity 
•  Why is demand for resources increasing? 

  • Population growth - more people need energy water and food 
  • Economic Development- Require more water and energy for industry 
  • Changing technology - increase in demand for resources for electronics 
• What is urbanisation?

  When the population of people living in urban areas increases
• Global importance of Rio

  • Major port for exports of coffee, sugar and iron ore
  • Has hosted global events such as the 2016 Olympics and 2014 World Cup
• National Importance of Rio

  • Brazil’s 2nd most important industrial centre
  • 5% of Brazil’s GDP
• Social challenges of Rio

  Education - shortage of schools and many drop out at 14 to join gangs

  Energy - common blackouts, 30% of homes in favelas have no electricity and favelas illegally tap into the main electricity supply which is dangerous

  Water - 12% of homes in favelas have no running water and 50% have no sewerage
• How can we tackle social challenges in Rio?

  Health - send medical workers into favelas and provide first aid kits

  Energy - invest in nuclear plants

  Education - make the compulsory age higher and encourage volunteers to go into favelas to teach

  Water - invest in new treatment plants
• What is being used to manage water in the Wakel river basin?

  • Taankas
  • Johed
  • Pats
  • Education
• What are tankaas (wakel river basin)

  Concrete underground containers that collect water from roofs. It creates a cool storage however producing concrete creates CO2
• What are johed? (Wakel River Basin)

  Earth and sand can be used to build small dams, to increase water flow in rivers. These keep water flowing through rivers all year round although it only affects water supplies in a small quantity
• What are pats? (wakel river basin)

  Small dams that divert water from streams to farmlands. This reduces crop failures but it needs constant maintenance
• Economic challenges in Rio

  • Unemployment rates in favelas are up to 20%, most people work in informal economy
  • Rio has high crime rates and drug gangs are a problem
• Why was Stratford regenerated?


  • Unemployment rate was high
  • Lack of infrastructure
  • Low quality of life
• Social benefits of the Stratford regeneration

  1. By 2036, 33000 new homes will have been built
  2. A new academy was built which provides for 2000 students
• Economic benefits of the Stratford Regeneration

  1. Jobs in tourism and construction created a multiplier effect
  2. New transport makes it easier for workers to commute
• Enviromental benefits of Starford Regneration

  1. Green spaces provide natural habitats
  2. Cleaning pollution
• How can urban areas be more sustainable?

  • Water and energy conservation
  • Recicyling
  • Green Spaces
• Causes of urban growth

  1. Natural Increase
  2. Migration
• How has the Favela Barrio scheme helped residents?

  1. Provided 26000 residents with clean water supply and drainage
  2. Installed street lights
• Why do people live in slums?

  They build temporary housing as they cant afford proper homes