Key Themes

• Responsibility

  The central theme of the play is responsibility. Inspector Goole’s questioning reveals how each member of the Birling family (and Gerald) played a part in Eva Smith’s downfall. The play emphasizes the idea that everyone is responsible for each other in society. It suggests that our actions, no matter how small, can have significant impacts on others.
• Social Class


  Social class is another important theme. The Birlings are a wealthy, upper-class family, while Eva Smith represents the working class. The play highlights the inequalities and prejudices that exist between these social classes. It criticizes the way the upper class often looks down on and mistreats those in the lower class.
• Hypocrisy 


  Many characters in the play are hypocritical. For example, Mr. Birling speaks about community and caring for others but does not practice what he preaches. Sybil Birling runs a charity but refuses to help Eva when she needs it most. The play exposes the double standards and insincerity of the characters, particularly those of higher status.
• Gender Roles


  The play also explores the theme of gender roles. Women in the play are often treated as inferior and are expected to adhere to certain societal norms. Sheila, for example, is initially seen as a naive and obedient daughter, but she grows stronger and more independent as the play progresses. The play challenges the traditional roles and expectations of women in society.
• The Power of Influence

  The influence of one person over another is a significant theme. Eva Smith is affected by the actions and decisions of each member of the Birling family. The play illustrates how power and influence can be used both positively and negatively, and the consequences that come with wielding such power.
• Change and Transformation


  Throughout the play, characters undergo significant changes. Sheila and Eric, in particular, show personal growth as they come to terms with their actions and the impact they had on Eva. The theme of change underscores the idea that self-awareness and taking responsibility can lead to personal transformation and a better society.