head and neck

• What are the two portions of the oral cavity?

  Oral vestibule and Oral Cavity Proper
• Why do clinicians not make a distinction between the two portions of the oral cavity?

  In clinical practice, the distinction is not necessary
• What is the function of the palatine tonsils?

  They help to fight infections
• What type of tissue composes the palatine tonsils?

  Tissue similar to lymph nodes, covered by pink mucosa
• What happens to the size of adenoids as a person ages?

  Adenoids are larger in children and shrink as one becomes an adult
• What is the primary function of the hard palate?

  It provides a surface for food during chewing and aids in speech
• What is the sensory innervation of the hard palate?

  Trigeminal nerve V
• What is the role of the soft palate during swallowing?

  It lowers to help prevent premature spillage before swallowing
• Which muscles are responsible for the movement of the soft palate?

  Tensor Veli Palatini, Levator Veli Palatini, Palatoglossus, Palatopharyngeus, Musculus Uvulae
• What is the innervation of the muscles of the soft palate?

  All are innervated by CN X except Tensor Veli Palatini, which is innervated by CN V
• How can poor oral hygiene affect overall health?

  It can lead to infective endocarditis, heart attacks, respiratory pathologies, and complications in diabetes
• What are the functions of saliva?

  It cleanses the mouth, aids in chewing and swallowing, helps in digestion, excretes toxins, facilitates taste, regulates water content, and aids speech production
• How much saliva does the body produce per day?

  1. 4 pints
• What are the three major salivary glands?

  Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual glands

  
• What is the function of the parotid glands?

  They produce 20% of saliva
• What is the role of the tongue in speech?

  It aids in making sounds by changing height and position
• What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

  Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus

  
• What are the functions of the tongue?

  • Speech: aids in making sounds
  • Eating and Drinking: manipulates food and plays a key role in swallowing
• What are the functions of the hard and soft palate?

  **Hard Palate:**

  • Provides surface for chewing
  • Aids in speech

  
  

  **Soft Palate:**

  • Elevates and lowers for respiration and swallowing
  • Affects resonance and sound flow
• What are the implications of poor oral hygiene?

  • Infective endocarditis
  • Heart attacks
  • Respiratory pathologies
  • Complications in diabetes
• What are the components of saliva and their functions?

  • Cleanses the mouth
  • Aids in chewing and swallowing
  • Contains enzymes for digestion
  • Excretes toxins
  • Facilitates taste
  • Regulates water content
  • Aids speech production
• What are the major salivary glands and their saliva production percentages?

  • Parotid Glands: 20%
  • Submandibular Glands: 65%
  • Sublingual Glands: Smallest
• What are the roles of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

  • Genioglossus: protrudes and lowers tongue tip
  • Hyoglossus: pulls tongue down and backwards
  • Styloglossus: draws tongue up and backwards
  • Palatoglossus: retracts and elevates tongue