Ethnic

• What are the high performing ethnic groups in educational achievement?

  Indians and Chinese
• Which ethnic groups are considered low performing in educational achievement?

  Black African, Caribbean, Pakistani, white WC, and Gypsy/Roma
• What are the two main categories of explanations for ethnic differences in educational achievement?

  • Outside school explanations (external/home background)
  • Inside school explanations (internal/interactionist)
• What do Heaton & Lawson (2010) suggest about the performance of different ethnic groups?

  They suggest that social class cuts across ethnicity to determine educational outcomes.
• How does material deprivation affect educational achievement among ethnic groups?

  Lower incomes lead to lack of educational resources and unsatisfactory housing.
• What is cultural deprivation in the context of educational achievement?

  Cultural deprivation refers to the lack of values and attitudes that promote educational success.
• What is a significant family structure issue affecting educational performance among black Caribbean and African households?

  Many are headed by a single female parent.
• How does language proficiency affect educational achievement for Pakistani and Gypsy/Roma students?

  Less fluency in English can hinder understanding and expression in school.
• What is the relationship between economic capital and educational achievement?

  Wealthier ethnic groups can afford private schooling, leading to better educational outcomes.
• What do critics argue about the focus on material deprivation as a sole explanation for educational underachievement?

  They argue it does not account for the effects of ethnicity.
• What is the concept of institutional racism in schools?

  Institutional racism refers to inbuilt racism in the way organizations are run.
• How do teacher expectations influence student performance according to interactionists?

  Teacher expectations can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy affecting student identities.
• What did Wright (1992) find regarding black Caribbean students in schools?


  They were more likely to be placed in lower sets and excluded from discussions.
• What is the significance of the term 'ethnocentric schooling'?

  It refers to a biased curriculum that favors one particular culture over others.
• What is one example of how schooling can be ethnocentric?

  Subjects taught from a British perspective, like British History.
• What do postmodernists argue about ethnic differences in educational achievement?

  They argue that other aspects like locality, gender, and social class also interact with ethnicity.
• How can locality affect educational achievement among ethnic groups?

  Students in urban areas like London often perform better than those in rural areas.
• What are the weaknesses of the explanations for ethnic differences in educational achievement?

  • Blame the victim approach
  • Generalization and determinism
  • Need to contrast with inside school explanations
• What is the purpose of the sample AS and A Level questions provided in the study material?

  To guide students on how to approach exam questions related to ethnic differences in educational achievement.
• What is the significance of the term 'symbolic violence' in the context of education?

  It refers to the way educational systems can marginalize certain groups, making them feel education is not for them.
• How do different subcultural responses to negative labelling manifest among students?

  Responses range from conformist behaviors to rebellious attitudes against school norms.