chemistry - acids and bases

• What is the main topic of Paper 1 in Chemistry?

  Acids and Bases
• How can pH be measured?

  Using an indicator or a pH meter
• Why is a pH meter considered more accurate than an indicator?

  Because it provides more precise measurements
• What defines an acid in terms of pH?

  An acid has a pH less than 7
• What do acids release in solution?

  Hydrogen ions (H⁺)
• What is the pH range for bases?

  A base has a pH greater than 7
• What do bases release in solution?

  Hydroxide ions (OH⁻)
• What is the general equation for a neutralization reaction?

  • Acid + Base → Salt + Water
  • Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
• What are the products of a neutralization reaction?

  Salt and water
• What is the neutralization reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide?

  HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
• What ions are produced in a neutralization reaction?

  Hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻)
• What are the main acids and bases mentioned in the study material?

  Main Acids:

  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)
  • Nitric acid (HNO₃)

  
  

  Main Bases:

  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
  • Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)
• What is the relationship between acids and pH?

  Acids have a pH less than 7
• What is the relationship between alkalis and bases?

  Alkalis are a subgroup of bases with a pH greater than 7
• What do acids produce in solution?

  Hydrogen ions (H⁺)
• What do alkalis produce in solution?

  Hydroxide ions (OH⁻)