Administration

• What is the essential question regarding rulers in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750?

  How did rulers in land-based empires legitimize and consolidate their power?
• How did centralization of power manifest in England and France by the end of the 16th century?

  Through controlling taxes, the army, and aspects of religion.
• What methods did rulers use to solidify authority in different states?

  Building temples, paying military elites, and establishing bureaucracies.
• What role did bureaucratic elites play in maintaining control over empires from 1450 to 1750?

  They oversaw sections of the empire and helped develop a professional military.
• What belief did King James I of England hold regarding kingship?

  He believed in the divine right of kings.
• How did King James I view challenges to his authority?

  As challenges to God himself.
• Who were the justices of the peace in England during Tudor rule?

  Officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace and enforce laws.
• What was the role of justices of the peace in Tudor England?

  To maintain peace and settle legal matters in counties.
• How did the English Bill of Rights of 1689 affect the monarchy's power?

  It assured individual civil liberties and required Parliament's agreement on taxation and army matters.
• What was the main characteristic of the French government in the 17th and 18th centuries?

  It became more absolute, directed by the king.
• Who were the intendants in France during the reign of Louis XIII?

  Royal officials sent to execute the orders of the central government.
• What was Louis XIV's famous declaration regarding his rule?

  "L'etat, c'est moi" (I am the state).
• How did Louis XIV maintain control over the French nobility?

  By keeping them close at his palace in Versailles.
• What were the similarities and differences between Emperor Kangxi and King Louis XIV?

  Similarities:

  • Both ruled during a golden age of their empires.
  • Became rulers during childhood.
  • Supported the arts and sciences.

  
  

  Differences:

  • Kangxi ruled Qing Dynasty China for 61 years, while Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years.
  • Kangxi encouraged Western education and opened ports for trade, while Louis XIV built the Palace at Versailles.
• What was the social hierarchy in Moscow during the time of the boyars?

  The boyars were at the top, followed by merchants, and then peasants.
• What was the role of serfs in the Russian social hierarchy?

  Serfs were bound to the land and had little personal freedom.
• How did Ivan IV control the boyars in Russia?


  By confiscating their lands and forcing them to move to Moscow.
• What was the oprichnina established by Ivan IV?


  A paramilitary force loyal to Ivan IV.
• What was Peter the Great's approach to consolidating power in Russia?

  He defeated his half-sister and integrated the Streltsy into the regular army.
• How did Peter the Great reorganize the Russian government?

  By creating provinces and a senate to advise officials.
• What was the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?


  A selection system to staff the military and government with Christian boys.
• How did the devshirme system affect Christian boys in the Ottoman Empire?

  They were taken from their families and educated to serve the sultan.
• What was the significance of the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?

  They formed elite forces in the Ottoman army and were loyal to the sultan.
• What was the Ming Dynasty's approach to governance after the Yuan Dynasty?

  They reinstated the civil service exam and improved education.
• How did the Qing Dynasty maintain control during Qianlong's reign?


  By using harsh military control to suppress rebellion.
• What was the role of shoguns in Japan during the 12th to 15th centuries?

  They ruled in the emperor's name while managing conflicts among daimyo.
• Who was the first powerful daimyo to unify Japan?

  Oda Nobunaga.
• What was the significance of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan?

  It reorganized governance to centralize control over a feudal system.
• How did gunpowder weapons influence the rise of new empires in East Asia?

  They enabled powerful daimyo to unify Japan.
• Who was the first powerful daimyo mentioned in the study material?

  Oda Nobunaga
• What significant military technology did Oda Nobunaga use to take over Kyoto?

  Muskets purchased from Portuguese traders
• In what year did Oda Nobunaga take over Kyoto?

  1568
• How much of Japan did Nobunaga unify before his assassination?

  About one-third
• Who succeeded Oda Nobunaga?

  Toyotomi Hideyoshi
• What city became the center of power after Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death?

  Edo (Tokyo)
• Who was declared shogun in 1603?

  Tokugawa Ieyasu
• What era is known as the Period of Great Peace in Japan?

  The era of Tokugawa rule
• How did the Tokugawa shogunate reorganize governance in Japan?

  • Centralized control over a feudal system
  • Divided Japan into 250 hans (territories)
  • Required daimyo to maintain residences in both their territory and the capital
  • Reduced daimyo to landlords managing hans
• Who ruled the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605?

  Akbar
• What was one of Akbar's significant contributions to governance?

  He established an efficient government and a system of fairly administered laws