Feedback

• What is extrinsic feedback?

  Feedback from an external source, such as a coach
• How can extrinsic feedback benefit a performer?

  It can improve their technique or use of tactics
• What is a disadvantage of extrinsic feedback?

  If inaccurate, it can negatively affect performance and motivation
• What is intrinsic feedback?

  Feedback from an internal source, from proprioceptors=kinaesthesia
• Why is intrinsic feedback effective for performers?

  It allows them to recognize the feel of a skill and adjust movements quickly
• What is a disadvantage of intrinsic feedback?

  It can be inaccurate and lead to poor performance
• What is positive feedback?

  Feedback that highlights what went well and offers rewards
• How can positive feedback affect a performer?

  It can be extremely motivating and build confidence
• What is a disadvantage of overusing positive feedback?

  It may lose its effects on the performer
• What is negative feedback?

  Feedback that focuses on what wasn't successful in the performance
• How can negative feedback be effective for some performers?

  It clearly indicates what they need to improve
• What is a disadvantage of negative feedback?

  It can be demotivating and cause the performer to give up
• What is knowledge of performance?

  Feedback about the movements carried out rather than the result= technique
• How can knowledge of performance help a performer?

  It allows them to improve their technique
• What is a limitation of knowledge of performance for some performers?

  Some may only be concerned with the result
• What is knowledge of results?

  External feedback about the end result of a movement
• Why is knowledge of results essential for performers?

  It enables more learning and improves overall progress
• What is a potential downside of focusing solely on knowledge of results?

  It can be demotivating if the performer only focuses on the result
• What is positive feedback

  • gives information about a successful outcome / technique
  • can be intrinsic or extrinsic
• Positives of positive feedback

  • forms / strengthens a correct S-R bond
  • reinforces skill learning OR indicate where the performer has done things correctly
  • can (significantly) increase motivation
  • effective for beginners
  • builds confidence within the performer
• Disadvantages of positive feedback

  • If undeserved then the performer may establish incorrect S-R bonds / deteriorate in performance
  • Ineffective if unspecific / imprecise
  • If overused can lead to ignoring feedback / losing it’s positive effect becoming devalued
• What is negative feedback

  • information about an unsuccessful outcome
  • can be intrinsic or extrinsic
• Positives about negative feedback

  • It motivates some performers / can result in increased determination
  • Provides clear areas for the player to work on to improve OR tells the performer what they are doing wrong OR improves skill learning
  • Useful for autonomous players / experts (who only require refinement of their skills)
  • Can help to fine tune well learned skills
  • Prevents drive reduction as it pushes performer to achieve goal
• Negatives about negative feedback

  • can be demotivating / cause performer to give up
  • can lower self confidence
  • it doesn’t necessarily tell a performer what they need to do, it could just tell them what they are doing wrong
  • inappropriate for beginners / cognitive stage of learning
  • if the negative feedback is unfounded / inaccurate can have detrimental effects on performance
• What is knowledge of performance

  • information about how well the movement was executed / technique
  • can be given as external feedback
• Positives about knowledge of performance

  • good for situations when the outcome may not be successful but the movement was
  • allows coach to focus on the positive aspects
  • can tell performers (beginners / intermediates) how to improve OR essential for skill learning
  • can help experts to refine movements
  • can increase motivation / confidence
  • if given whilst performer is executing skill (concurrent feedback) errors can be corrected quickly
  • effective in some closed / aesthetic skills were technique is important
  • Helps to develop kinaesthetic awareness / intrinsic feedback
• Negatives about knowledge of performance

  • if feedback is inaccurate can be detrimental to performance
  • some performers might only want to know the outcome
  • can confuse / overload / demotivate performer if lots of KOP is given OR must only be given gradually to beginners
  • can take a long time to develop the kinaesthesis
• What is knowledge of results

  • information about the outcome
  • terminal feedback / comes at the end of performance
  • is external
• Positives about knowledge of results

  • Important in order for learning to take place OR the performer needs to know if they were successful in order to learn
  • Important for beginners
  • important for experts
  • can increase motivation / confidence / focus
  • satisfaction felt when successful KOR will strengthen S-R bond
  • effective when linked to KOP to develop skills / motivate performers
  • Measurable / objective
• Negatives about knowledge of results

  • Can demotivate / lower confidence by focusing on the results more than the process / performance
  • if the result / outcome is unsuccessful, the performer may feel the feedback is negative despite the fact they may have improved aspects of performance
  • the result / outcome doesn’t always effectively inform you about how well you have done
  • can strengthen incorrect S-R bonds
  • can only be used once performance has been completed
  • isn’t as effective in some closed / aesthetic skills where success measure is technique e.g. gymnastics vault
  • Can be too statistics based
• What is extrinsic feedback

  • comes from an external source to the performer / the environment
  • from sight or sound
• Positives about extrinsic feedback

  • the coach can observe and then give feedback / has time to think before giving feedback / doesn’t have to rush feedback
  • helps skill learning for beginners
  • more objective so potentially more accurate
  • if the coach is experienced then the feedback should be accurate / effective / lead to improved performance
  • is motivating as performer is getting attention from the coach
  • can help a performer to develop intrinsic feedback if a coach tells a performer their movement was correct and to remember the physical feeling of the movement
• Negatives about extrinsic feedback

  • if the coach gives inaccurate feedback this can lead to a decrease in quality of performance
  • this can then lead to a drop in motivation for the performer
  • does not develop as much kinaesthetic awareness within the individual
  • performer can become too dependent upon this type of feedback / if the coach isn’t there a performer might struggle to know how they are doing
  • if overused it can overload / demotivate performer
• What is intrinsic feedback

  • information about the kinaesthetic feel of the movement
  • comes from within the performer / internally
  • comes from proprioceptors
• Positives about intrinsic feedback

  • it is instant / movements can be corrected immediately
  • readily available
  • don’t need to rely on others
  • good for experts / autonomous stage of learning
  • helps to develop fluent movements / timing
  • performer is able to think about other things such as tactics
• Negatives about intrinsic feedback

  • beginners can’t use it / don’t know the true kinaesthetic feel
  • might not be accurate / lead to errors in performance
  • some individual’s senses / proprioception is not very effective
  • some performers (who lack confidence may not trust their own feedback and) feel the need to have an external source provide the feedback
  • Learning how to use intrinsic feedback can take a long time