Lecture 1 to 8

• How does the WHO define health?

  Health is complete physical, social, and spiritual well-being, beyond absence of illness.
• What additional aspects does MARKS add to the definition of health?

  Health involves fulfilling physical, cultural, psychological, economic, and spiritual needs.
• What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

  • A psychological theory that categorizes human needs.
  • Ranges from basic needs (like food and safety) to self-actualization.
• What does Health Psychology study?

  It studies how biological, psychological, and social factors influence health.
• What is the Health Psychology Framework (Onion Model)?

  • Health is influenced by multiple layers:
  • Individual factors (age, genes)
  • Lifestyle
  • Living conditions
  • Social factors
• What is the goal of the Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 action plan?

  To reduce nicotine levels, limit tobacco sales, and create a tobacco-free generation.
• What are some behavioral strategies for health mentioned in the material?

  • Keeping a food diary
  • Portion control
  • Regular physical activity
• What is the definition of stress?

  Stress is a response to external events causing physical and emotional reactions.
• What is the person-situation interaction in stress?

  It refers to stress as a result of imbalance between demands and available coping mechanisms.
• What is cognitive appraisal in the context of stress?

  Cognitive appraisal is evaluating the demands, resources, consequences, and personal significance of the stressor.
• What are the types of coping strategies?

  • Problem-focused: Taking action to solve the problem.
  • Avoidance: Distraction, denial, and humor to avoid the stressor.
  • Emotion-focused: Managing emotions through expression, blaming, and wishful thinking.
  • Social support: Seeking support from others.
• What does the SAM system do in response to stress?

  The SAM system releases norepinephrine and epinephrine, preparing the body for fight or flight.
• What is the role of the HPA Axis in stress response?

  The HPA Axis produces cortisol, aiding in stress response and recovery.
• What are the impacts of chronic stress on health?

  • Can lead to mental health issues like PTSD.
  • Increases risks of physical illnesses like coronary artery diseases.
  • Weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections.
• What therapeutic approaches can help manage stress?

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
  • Medications like SSRIs
• What is stigma in health psychology?

  Stigma is a social label that reduces a person’s status due to a perceived undesirable attribute.
• What conditions are often stigmatized?

  Conditions often stigmatized include AIDS, cancer, obesity, and mental illness.
• How does stigma affect mental health care?

  Mental illness stigma is a significant barrier to mental health care, influenced by media portrayals and public perception.
• How does stigma lead to prejudice?

  • Stigmatized people are viewed as 'other.'
  • Leads to stereotypes, separation, and discrimination.
  • Media reinforces stereotypes, depicting mental illness as unpredictable or dangerous.
• What are the methods to combat stigma?

  • Contact: Interaction with those managing mental illness reduces stereotypes.
  • Education: Providing accurate information counters myths.
  • Protest: Challenging negative portrayals in media.
• What is the Like Minds Campaign in NZ?

  • A national campaign aimed at reducing mental illness stigma.
  • Utilizes media and community action.
  • Led to significant reductions in negative stereotypes and prejudice over time.
• What does the social model of disability emphasize?

  The social model of disability emphasizes that disability results from social barriers, not just individual impairments.
• What is the neurodiversity paradigm?

  The neurodiversity paradigm embraces neurodiversity as a natural human variation, rejecting the idea of a single ‘normal’ brain type.
• What are the language preferences in autism?

  • Person-first language: "a person with autism."
  • Identity-first language: "an autistic person."
• What are the social camouflaging strategies in autism?

  • Compensation: Adapting behaviors to blend in.
  • Masking: Hiding autistic traits.
  • Assimilation: Trying to appear non-autistic.
• How do self-esteem and attitudes differ in neurodiversity and disorder perspectives?

  • Neurodiversity Perspective: Values autism as a unique identity.
  • Disorder Perspective: Views autism as a condition needing management.
• What are the common goals in neurodiversity and medical models?

  • Minimize harm.
  • Avoid excessive pathologizing of differences.
  • Promote a balanced approach.
• What historical context influenced Maori health?

  Colonization and breaches of Te Teriti o Waitangi led to loss of land and autonomy for Maori.
• What determinants of health are influenced by colonization for Maori?

  Determinants include racism, privilege, unequal treatment, epigenetics, and environment.
• What strategies can improve Maori health?

  • Kaupapa Maori Theory
  • Matauranga Maori
  • Indigenous Psychology
• What are the Maori health models mentioned?

  • Te Whare Tapa Wha: Includes spiritual, physical, mental/emotional, and family/social aspects.
  • Whiti Te Ra: Focuses on identity, language, environment, spirituality, and intergenerational values.
  • Meihana Model: Incorporates mental, spiritual, environmental, iwi katoa, and whanau components.
• What are the key communities of Pacific Peoples in NZ?

  Key communities include Samoa, Tongan, Cook Islands, Niuean, Fijian, Tokelauan, Tuvaluan, and i-Kiribati.
• What does the NZ Health Survey provide for Pacific populations?

  It provides insights into health needs and issues, highlighting disparities in health services and conditions.
• What is the Pacific Health Strategy: Lalanga Fou?

  • Emphasizes Pacific values.
  • Focuses on partnership, governance, performance improvement, and capability development.
  • Prioritizes culturally aligned health strategies.
• What are the Pacific Health Models mentioned?

  • Fonofale Model: Incorporates physical, spiritual, mental, and family aspects.
  • Te Vaia Atafaga: Focuses on body, mind, family, environment, spirituality, and social support.
  • Seitapu Framework: Emphasizes cultural competency in healthcare.
• What is the current situation of alcohol use in NZ?

  NZ has high levels of alcohol consumption, especially among young people.
• What are the health and social impacts of alcohol?

  Alcohol contributes to health risks, including accidents, violence, and chronic diseases.
• What does the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (B-YAACQ) measure?

  It shows common negative effects of alcohol like hangovers, memory loss, impulsive actions, and regrettable behaviors.
• What has been the effect of lowering the Minimum Purchase Age (MPA) in NZ?

  Lowering the MPA from 20 to 18 has led to increased drinking and negative outcomes among young people.
• What options have been discussed regarding the Minimum Purchase Age (MPA)?

  • Raising the MPA back to 20.
  • A split age (18 for on-premises, 20 for off-premises).
  • Keeping it at 18.