AP1 revision

• What do waves transfer without transferring matter?

  Energy
• What happens to the particles of a medium when a wave travels through it?

  The particles vibrate
• What can happen to waves when they reach the boundary of a material?

  They can be reflected, refracted, transmitted, or absorbed
• What are the two types of waves?

  Transverse and longitudinal
• In a transverse wave, how are the oscillations oriented in relation to the direction of travel?

  The oscillations are perpendicular (90°) to the direction of travel
• Why can't sound travel through a vacuum?

  There are no air particles to vibrate
• What are the four important features of waves?

  • Crest: the top of the wave (peak)
  • Trough: the bottom of the wave
  • Amplitude: distance from rest position to crest
  • Wavelength: distance between one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave
• What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection when light is reflected?

  The angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection
• What happens to light when it is refracted?

  The light ray bends, either towards or away from the normal
• In a longitudinal wave, how are the oscillations oriented in relation to the direction of travel?

  The oscillations are parallel to the direction of travel
• How can sound waves be viewed?

  Using an oscilloscope
• What is the frequency of a wave?

  The number of waves produced in one second
• How is frequency measured?

  In Hertz (Hz)
• How do changes in frequency and amplitude affect sound?

  • Changing frequency changes pitch
  • Changing amplitude changes volume
• What type of wave is sound classified as?

  A longitudinal wave
• What does sound need to travel through?

  A solid, liquid, or gas
• What is light a part of?

  The electromagnetic spectrum
• What are the seven types of electromagnetic waves?

  • Radio waves
  • Microwaves
  • Infrared
  • Visible light
  • Ultraviolet
  • X-rays
  • Gamma rays
• What is respiration?

  A chemical reaction that releases energy in all cells
• What type of respiration requires oxygen?

  Aerobic respiration
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• What are the reactants and products of aerobic respiration?

  Reactants: glucose and oxygen; Products: carbon dioxide and water
• Where does aerobic respiration occur in cells?

  In the mitochondria
• What is diffusion?

  The movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration
• How does diffusion relate to respiration?

  It allows reactants and products to move in and out of cells
• Why do cells normally use aerobic respiration?

  Because it releases more energy
• What type of respiration occurs when there is not enough oxygen?

  Anaerobic respiration
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Glucose → lactic acid
• What are the reactants and products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Reactant: glucose; Product: lactic acid
• When do cells use anaerobic respiration?

  When they do not have enough oxygen
• What does anaerobic respiration produce that can cause muscle cramps?

  Lactic acid
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

  Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
• What is fermentation?

  A process that does not use oxygen
• What are the products of fermentation in plants and yeast?

  Ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide
• How is yeast used in bread making?

  Yeast makes the bread rise by producing carbon dioxide
• How does fermentation contribute to beer and wine making?

  Ethanol makes the beer and wine alcoholic
• When does anaerobic respiration occur during exercise?


  During short, intense exercise
• What happens when you finish intense exercise regarding lactic acid?

  You breathe heavily to break down lactic acid in the liver
• What is the term for the extra oxygen needed to break down lactic acid?

  Oxygen debt
• What does the modern periodic table show?

  Every known element