infection and response

• What is a non-communicable disease?


  A disease that is not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another
• What is a communicable disease?


  A diseased caused by a pathogen that can be passed from one organism to another
• What is a pathogen?


  A microorganism that causes infectious disease
• Give two examples of a bacteria pathogen caused disease?

  • Salmonella
  • gonorrhea
• Give three examples of a virus caused disease?

  • Measles
  • HIV
  • tmv
• Give an example of a fungi caused disease? 


  Rose black spot
• Give an example of a protist caused disease? 


  Malaria
• How would you prevent getting salmonella?

  • in the UK Poultry of vaccinated against salmonella
  • wash kitchen utensils
  • cleam surface areas with antibacterial spray
•   What does salmonella cause and how can you contract it?

  • Causes food poisoning
  • by eating chicken that has caught the disease while it was alive or eating food that has been prepared in unhygieneic conditions
• What are the symptoms of salmonella?

  • fever
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
• What is gonorrhea and how is it passed on?

  • std (sexually transmitted disease)
  • passed on by own protected sexual contact
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

  • Pain when urinating
  • sick yellow/green discharge from the vagina/penis
• How do you reduce the spread of gonorrhea? 


  By using a barrier method of contraception
• What's the treatment for gonorrhea? 


  Antibiotics
• How is measles spread? 


  Inhaling droplets from sneezes or coughs from an infected person
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  • Red skin rash
  • fever
• How is measles controlled? 


  Vaccination in young children
• How is HIV spread?

  • By sexual contact
  • exchanging bodily fluids such as sharing needles
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  • Flu like symptoms
  • after several years no symptoms
• How is HIV treated?

  antiretroviral drugs
• Why is HIV so deadly?

  • after several years there are no symptoms
  • the virus destroys the immune cells
  • immune system will be so damaged it can't cope with other infections
•  How is HIV prevented?

  • Needles shouldn't be shared
  • condoms used in sexual intercourse
•  How is tmv spread?

  • On gardeners hands
  • clothing
  • tools
• What are the symptoms of tmv?

  • Mosaic pattern on the leaves of plants
  • discoloration
• Why is discoloration caused by tmv bad? 


  The plant can't carry out photosynthesis as much so the plant cannot grow
• What is the treatment for tmv? 


  Infected leaves should be removed
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot? 


  Purple or black spots on the Leaves which turn yellow and drop off
• How is Rose black spot spread?

  • Wind
  • water
• What are the treatments for Rose black spot?

  • Remove infected leaves and burn them
  • use fungicides
• How do you reduce the transmission of malaria?

  • Mosquito nets
  • mosquito vectors
• What are the symptoms of malaria? 


  fever
• How does malaria spread? 


  By mosquitoes feeding on the infected blood of one person and then biting another person
• What are 4 examples of non-specific defenses in humans?

  • Skin as a physical barrier prevents pathogens from entering
  • stomach contains strong acid that will kill pathogens
  • mucus traps pathogens
  • cilia pushes them out of the body
• What's the definition of an antigen?


  Proteins on the surface of a pathogen the antibodies bind to
• What's the definition of an antigen? 


  Proteins made by white blood cells that bind to antigens to destroy pathogens
•   How are vaccinations made?

  • Death pathogens are injected into a person
  • white blood cells detect antigens from the pathogens
  • white blood cells produce specific antibodies complementary in shape to the antigens on that pathogen
  • if the person is infected with the same pathogen again, more antibodies are produced more quickly
  • so antibodies will quickly destroy the pathogens stopping the person from becoming ill
• What do antibodies kill? 


  bacteria
• What do antibiotics not destroy? 


  Viruses
• What do painkillers not kill?

  Pathogens
• What can painkillers and steroids be used for?

  To relieve symptoms of a disease