Green Crime

• What are green crimes?

  Crimes against the environment
• How can green crime be linked to globalisation?

  Green crime often has global impacts, not just local ones
• What is an example of how illegal industrial pollution can affect other countries?

  It can lead to acid rain in another country, destroying forests
• What was the Chernobyl disaster, and when did it occur?

  The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident in Ukraine in 1986
• What do green criminologists claim about the major risks we face today?

  They claim that major risks are human-made, not natural disasters
• Who claims that late modern society has created new global 'manufactured risks'?

  Beck (1992)
• What is meant by a global risk society according to Beck?

  A society where risks are created by modern industrial productivity and technology
• How have CO2 emissions contributed to global issues?

  They have created global warming and climate change
• What was the impact of the heatwave in Russia in 2010 on Mozambique?

  It led to a 30% increase in bread prices and sparked riots in Mozambique
• Why has traditional criminology often overlooked green crime?

  Because often no laws have been broken
• How do traditional criminologists define environmental crime?

  As an unauthorized act or emission that violates the law
• What is an advantage of traditional criminology's approach to environmental crime?

  It has a clearly defined subject matter based on criminal law
• What is a disadvantage of traditional criminology's approach to environmental crime?

  It too readily accepts official definitions shaped by powerful businesses
• What does the Bhopal gas disaster illustrate about traditional criminology?

  It focuses on breaches of safety legislation rather than broader issues
• What does green criminology focus on compared to traditional criminology?

  It focuses on harms to the environment, animals, and humans rather than just criminal law
• Why are some of the worst environmental harms not considered illegal?

  Because powerful entities define what counts as unacceptable harm
• What is the impact of consumer culture on green crimes?

  It leads to mass consumption and depletion of natural resources
• How can green crimes be seen as a rational choice?

  Because they can reduce financial costs or time for disposal
• How do Marxists view green crimes?

  As a type of corporate crime committed by the powerful
• What was the VW emissions scandal an example of?

  A corporate crime that resulted in significant air pollution
• What is the difference between anthropocentric and ecocentric views of environmental harm?

  Anthropocentric prioritizes economic growth, while ecocentric prioritizes the environment
• What are the two types of green crimes distinguished by South (2014)?

  • Primary green crimes: Directly result from the destruction of earth's resources
  • Secondary green crimes: Result from breaking laws aimed at preventing environmental disasters
• What are examples of primary green crimes?

  • Air pollution crime: Burning fossil fuels adds 6 billion tons of carbon annually
  • Deforestation crime: Destruction of forests like the Amazon
  • Species decline and animal abuse crime: Extinction of 50 species a day
• What are examples of secondary green crimes?

  • State violence against oppositional groups: E.g., the bombing of the Greenpeace ship 'Rainbow Warrior'
  • Hazardous chemical and nuclear wastes: Often shipped to Third World countries for processing
• What does South argue about the distribution of harms and risks in green crime?

  There is environmental discrimination affecting poorer countries and social groups
• What are the advantages of green criminology over traditional criminology?

  • Focuses on harms even when no laws are broken
  • Recognizes global risks of environmental damage
  • Acknowledges the power dynamics in defining crime and harms
• What are the disadvantages of green criminology?

  • Subjective value judgments on what is considered deviant
  • Problems in researching green crime due to varying laws and concealed activities
• What is the conclusion regarding the impact of globalised green crime?

  It shows how powerful entities can inflict serious environmental damage
• What do green criminologists advocate for in terms of sustainability?

  They encourage a sustainable world that balances economic, social, and environmental needs
• What are some suggested further readings on sociology related to green crime?

  Webb R et al. (2016) AQA A level Sociology, Book Two
• What is the format of the sample A level questions provided?

  They include outlines, analyses, and evaluations related to green crime