IB BIO

• How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

  They reproduce via binary fission
• Do prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus?

  No, they do not contain a nucleus
• What color do gram-positive bacteria stain?

  Violet
• What color do gram-negative bacteria stain?

  Red
• What is the typical size range of prokaryotic cells?

  1. 5 -10 micrometers
• Do prokaryotic cells have a cell wall?

  Yes, they contain a cell wall
• What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells contain?

  70s ribosomes
• What type of DNA do eukaryotic cells have?

  Linear DNA that contains proteins (histones)
• What organelles do eukaryotic cells contain?

  Membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus
• What type of ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have?

  80s ribosomes
• What is the typical size range of eukaryotic cells?

  10-100 micrometers
• How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?

  They reproduce via mitosis and meiosis
• What are the main groups of Eukarya?

  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protoctista (all other eukaryotes not classified as animal, plant, or fungal)
• What is the purpose of mitosis?

  • Cell growth
  • Regeneration
  • Produces genetically identical daughter cells
• What is the purpose of meiosis?

  • Produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)
  • Daughter cells are genetically different
  • Each daughter cell contains half of each parent's DNA
• What is the cell wall made of in plant cells?

  Cellulose
• What is the cell wall made of in fungal cells?

  Chitin
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides extra protection for the cell
• What structures are found on the surface of the cell membrane?

  Microvilli
• What is the function of microvilli on the cell membrane?

  To increase surface area for better absorption and secretion
• What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

  Proteins and fibers (microtubules and microfilaments)
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

  Gives the cell its shape
• What does the nucleus contain?

  Genetic material (DNA and RNA)
• What is the structure of the nuclear membrane?

  It is a double layer with nuclear pores
• What are histones?

  Proteins that give structure to chromosomes
• Where is the centromere located?

  In the middle of chromosomes
• What is the centrosome?

  Area of the cytoplasm next to the nucleus that organizes microtubules
• What is the function of centrioles in the centrosome?

  They release microtubules used for cell division
• What type of cells contain chloroplasts?

  Plant cells
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Manufactures and stores food through photosynthesis
• What do plant cells and fungi have in common regarding vacuoles?

  They have a large central vacuole
• What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?

  Handles waste and stores substances
• How many vacuoles do animal cells typically have?

  Multiple vacuoles
• What is the function of cilia in animal cells?

  Aids in cell movement and feeding
• What are flagella?

  Long tail-like projections that provide motion
• What is the function of flagella?

  Provides motion for cells
• What are the differences between plant, animal, and fungal cells?

  • Animal Cells: Small temporary vacuoles, centrioles, lysosomes, cilia, and flagella
  • Plant Cells: Cell wall (cellulose), chloroplasts, amyloplasts, autotrophic
  • Fungal Cells: Cell wall (chitin), unicellular (yeast)
• What are the similarities between plant and fungal cells?

  • Both have a cell wall
  • Both have a central vacuole for storage and pressure
  • Both are permanent structures
• What are the similarities between fungi and animal cells?

  • Both obtain their own food
  • Both are multicellular
  • Both contain a nucleus and cytoskeleton
• What are atypical structures in eukaryotes?

  Aseptate fungal hyphae and skeletal muscle