Infection and Response

• What is a communicable disease also known as?

  Infectious disease
• How can communicable diseases be passed on?

  Between different species of organisms
• Name two examples of communicable diseases.

  Cold and HIV/AIDS
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• How do bacteria reproduce?

  By splitting in two (binary fission)
• What do bacteria produce that can make you feel ill?

  Toxins
• What is a virus?

  A tiny microorganism that can infect and damage cells
• How do viruses damage cells?

  By breaking into and damaging cells as they reproduce
• What are protists?

  Single-celled organisms spread by a vector
• How can pathogens infect plants or animals?

  By direct contact, water, or air
• What are the methods to prevent the spread of diseases?

  • Vaccinations
  • Contraception (condoms)
  • Quarantining
  • Water/Sewage treatment
  • Wearing a mask
  • Vector control
  • Good hygiene
  • Keeping raw meat away from cooked
• How is measles spread?

  By inhalation of droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  A fever and a rash
• Why are most young children vaccinated against measles?

  Because it can be fatal if complications arise
• How is HIV spread?

  By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
• What happens if HIV is not controlled?

  It damages the body's immune system
• What is the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

  A virus that affects many species of plants
• How is TMV spread?

  By rain droplets that touch affected leaves
• What effect does TMV have on plants?

  It creates a mosaic pattern of discoloration on leaves
• How can TMV be controlled?

  By removing affected areas of the plant
• What is Salmonellosis?

  Food poisoning spread by bacteria in food
• What symptoms does Salmonellosis cause?

  Abdominal cramps, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea
• How is the spread of Salmonellosis controlled in the UK?

  By vaccinating poultry against salmonella
• What is Gonorrhoea?

  A sexually transmitted disease
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

  Yellow or green discharge and pain on urinating
• How can Gonorrhoea be treated?

  With antibiotics
• What is Rose Black Spot?

  A fungal disease that affects plants
• How is Rose Black Spot spread?

  By water and wind, and spores in the air
• What effect does Rose Black Spot have on plants?

  It causes purple or black spots on leaves
• How can Rose Black Spot be treated?

  By using fungicides or removing affected leaves
• What is Malaria?

  A disease spread by mosquitos
• What symptoms does Malaria cause?

  Recurrent episodes of fevers, shivering, and weakness
• How is the spread of Malaria controlled?

  By taking anti-malarial drugs and using mosquito nets
• What is the role of skin in the body's defense system?

  It prevents pathogens from entering the body
• How does the stomach contribute to the body's defense system?

  By using hydrochloric acid to destroy bacteria in food
• What is the function of phagocytes?

  To ingest pathogens using enzymes
• What do lymphocytes produce?

  Antibodies and antitoxins
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
• What is herd immunity?

  When a large proportion of the population is immune to a disease
• What happens if vaccination rates drop?

  The herd immunity is lost and the disease can reappear