Cells

• Cells are the builiding blocks of all organisims
• Cells are small, membrane-bound structures which contain smaller structures like organelles
• Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and are more complex cells
• Animal, plant, fungi and protists are all examples of eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells don't contain membrane-bound organelles or a nucleus and they are simple cells
• Bacteria and archaea are examples of prokaryotes
• An organ system is composed of 2 or more different organs that work together to provide a common function
• An organ is a group of different tissues
• A tissue is a group of similar cells, carrying out a specific function
• Plant cells contain a cellulose wall to provide support and shape to a cell
• Plant cells contain starch grains in the cytoplasm and choroplasts which contain chlorophyll
• A plant cell has a large, permenant vacuole containing soluble sugars, salts and sometimes a pigment
• Fungi is a eukaryote which doesn't contain chloroplasts but contains a cell wall made of chitin
• Algae are eukaryotes but are not classed as plants as they lack the true roots, stems, leaves and a vascular system
• Algae can live symbiotically with fungi top form lichen
• Algae contains chloroplasts so they can photosynthesise and they contain a cell wall made of cellulose and a variety of glycoproteins
• Prokaryotes are typical bacterial cell which contains a cell wall, cell membrane, genetic material, small ribosomes and cytoplasm
• The cell wall of a prokaryote contains murein, a glycoprotein
• Some structure in prokaryotes may be, a capsule, plasmids and flagella
• Multicellular is an organism made with more than one cell
• An organism is all the systems of the body working together to make an organism which is a discrete individual
• Multicellular organisms require specialised cells, which form tissues and organs to carry out particular functions
• An organelle is an organised and specialised structure within a living cell
• A vacuole is a fluid-filled sac bound by a single membrane
• The vacuole is a storage site for chemicals and provides an osmotic system which functions in support of young tissues
• The nuclues is bound by a double membrane and a nuclear envelope and contains pores which allows the passage of large moecules like mRNA and ribosomes
• The nucleus contains DNA which codes for proteins and produces ribosomes
• Mitochondrion is surrounded by a double membrane, the inner membrane is folded into extensions called cristae
• The interior fluid of the mitochondria is called the matrix~
• Mitochondria contain their own DNA and 70s ribosomes
• Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration, which releases energy in the form of ATP
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of flattened membrane sheets which allow the transport of materials throughout the cell and there are two types.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum is connected with the nuclear membrane and may link to the golgi body
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum is lined with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis and transports proteins around the cell
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes and is used in the synthesis and transport of lipids
• The golgi body is a stack of flattened membranes
• In the golgi body, the contents of the golgi vesicles are transported to other parts of the cell or out of the cell
• What is the primary function of the Golgi body?

  To transfer vesicles to other parts of the cell or out of the cell
• What are the functions of the Golgi body?

  1. Producing enzymes for secretion
  2. Secreting carbohydrates
  3. Producing proteins
  4. Transporting and secreting lipids
  5. Forming lysosomes
• What are lysosomes formed by?

  Golgi body