Marley

• Who is first referenced in the opening lines of the novella?

  Jacob Marley
• What does Dickens convey by stating “Marley was dead, to begin with”?

  It conveys a sense of finality regarding Marley's character
• How long has Marley been dead before the narrative opens?

  Seven years
• What effect does Marley's death have on Scrooge when he appears to him?

  It creates shock and anguish for Scrooge
• What is Scrooge's relationship to Marley?

  He is Marley's sole executor, administrator, assign, residuary legatee, friend, and mourner
• How does Dickens characterize the relationship between Marley and Scrooge?

  The relationship is associated with business rather than affection
• What does Dickens imply about Scrooge's feelings towards Marley's death?

  Scrooge was not dreadfully cut up by the sad event
• How is Marley described when he appears as a ghost?

  As a terrifying figure condemned to wander in heavy chains
• What do the chains Marley wears symbolize?

  They symbolize his obsession with business and money
• How does Marley reflect on his past actions?

  He is remorseful and acknowledges that charity and benevolence should have been his business
• What warning does Marley give to Scrooge?

  Everyone is responsible for their actions and will be held accountable
• What does Marley mean when he says, “I wear the chain I forged in life”?

  His predicament is due to his own actions during his life
• What supernatural element does Marley introduce to the plot?

  He introduces themes of Heaven, Hell, and repentance
• What is one of Marley's purposes in the novella?

  To save Scrooge from a similar fate
• Can Marley force Scrooge to change his ways?

  No, Scrooge must alter his ways himself
• How can Marley be viewed in terms of sympathy?

  He could appear selfless in his motive to help Scrooge
• What effect does Marley's visit have on Scrooge?

  It prompts Scrooge's desire to change
• What does Dickens indicate about Scrooge's feelings after Marley's visit?

  Scrooge experiences a “terrible sensation”