Group VII

• Which element in the Halogen Family is a pale yellow gas?

  Fluorine
• What is the physical state of Chlorine?

  Greenish-yellow gas
• What is the physical state of Bromine?

  Reddish-brown liquid
• What does the term "Halogen" mean in Greek?

  • "Halogen" means "sea salt" and "to produce"
  • These elements produce salts similar to sea salt (sodium salts of hydroacids)
• What is the molecular form of halogens in their free state?

  They exist as diatomic molecules (e.g., F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂)
• What is Fluorine commonly found as?

  Fluorite (CaF₂) and cryolite (Na₂AlF₆)
• Where is Chlorine present in large amounts?

  In NaCl in seawater and deposits
• With which compounds is Bromine associated?

  Sodium, potassium, and magnesium bromide
• How does the reactivity of halogens change with atomic size?

  Reactivity decreases as atomic size increases (F > Cl > Br > I)
• What is unique about the solubility of AgF compared to other silver halides?

  AgF is water-soluble, while AgCl, AgBr, and AgI are insoluble
• What is the order of acidity in aqueous solutions for halogen acids?

  HI > HBr > HCl > HF
• What are the identity tests for halides?

  • Fluoride (F⁻): No precipitate with AgNO₃
  • Chloride (Cl⁻): White precipitate with AgNO₃
  • Bromide (Br⁻): Yellow precipitate with AgNO₃
  • Iodide (I⁻): Yellow precipitate with AgNO₃
• What happens when fluoride reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?

  It etches/scratches glass
• What is the precipitate formed when chloride reacts with AgNO₃?

  A white precipitate of AgCl
• How does chloride behave in ammonia and nitric acid?

  Chloride is soluble in NH₃ but insoluble in HNO₃
• What color change occurs when chloride is exposed to sunlight?

  It changes from white to purplish due to the formation of free Ag
• What is the reaction equation for the decomposition of AgCl?

  2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl₂
• What color change occurs when bromide is treated with KMnO₄, H₂SO₄, and CHCl₃?

  It changes to orange to brown in the CHCl₃ layer
• How does iodide behave in nitric acid?

  Iodide is insoluble in HNO₃
• What color change occurs when iodide is treated with KMnO₄, H₂SO₄, and CHCl₃?

  It changes to violet in the CHCl₃ layer
• What are the elements in Group VIIB?

  Manganese, Technetium, Rhenium
• What is the nature of the permanganate ion (MnO₄⁻)?

  It is a strong oxidizing agent
• What color change occurs when Mn²⁺ reacts with NaBiO₃?

  A purple solution of NaMnO₄ is formed