Group VIII

• What are the light platinum metals in Group VIII?

  Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd)
• What are the heavy platinum metals in Group VIII?

  Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), and Platinum (Pt)
• How do platinum metals react with oxygen at low temperatures?

  They do not combine with oxygen below red heat
• What is the appearance of all Group VIII elements?

  They are grayish-white metals with high melting and boiling points
• What elements make up the Iron Triad?

  Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni)
• Why do iron, cobalt, and nickel not occur free in nature?

  They react with other elements
• What is the main industrial source of iron?

  Hematite (Fe₂O₃)
• What is the stability of Iron(II) hydroxide?

  It is a strong base with increasing stability
• What causes the magnetic properties of iron, cobalt, and nickel?

  Due to their incomplete d-orbitals
• What are the identity tests for Fe²⁺ and their results?

  • K₃Fe(CN)₆ → Turnbull’s blue precipitate of Fe₃[Fe(CN)₆]₃
  • K₄Fe(CN)₆ → White precipitate of Fe₂Fe(CN)₆
  • KCNS → No reaction
• What are the identity tests for Fe³⁺ and their results?

  • K₃Fe(CN)₆ → Brown solution of FeFe(CN)₆ or Fe(CN)₆
  • K₄Fe(CN)₆ → Prussian blue precipitate of Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃
  • KCNS → Blood-red solution of Fe(CNS)²⁺
• What are the identity tests for Co²⁺ and their results?

  • NH₄OH → Pink precipitate of Co(OH)₂; dissolves in excess reagent forming yellow solution of (CoNH₃)₄²⁺
  • KNO₂, HAc → Yellow precipitate of K₃Co(NO₂)₆
• What are the noble gases in Group VIIIA?

  Helium, Argon, Xenon, Neon, Krypton, and Radon
• How many electrons does Helium have in its first energy level?

  Two electrons
• Why are noble gases generally considered non-reactive?

  Because they have stable electron configurations
• What is the abundance of Argon in the air?

  0.094% (v/v)
• What is the source of Radon gas?

  It emanates from the decay of radium salts
• What are the applications of Krypton and Xenon?

  • Known to have anesthetic properties