Module 4

• What does bipolar disorder cause in individuals?

  Unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and daily task performance
• How do the mood episodes in bipolar disorder typically fluctuate?

  They alternate between manic episodes and major depressive episodes
• What is the duration of a manic episode?

  Lasting at least 1 week or any duration if hospitalization is necessary
• What are the treatment approaches for bipolar disorders?

  • Medications: mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants
  • Therapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
  • Support groups for shared experiences
  • Lifestyle changes: regular exercise, healthy diet, adequate sleep
• What percentage of the global population is affected by bipolar disorders?

  Approximately 2.5%
• What role do environmental factors play in bipolar disorder?

  Stressful life events, substance use, and trauma can trigger episodes
• How does the course of bipolar disorders vary among individuals?

  It varies significantly from person to person
• What is the recovery phase in bipolar disorder?

  A gradual improvement in mood, energy, and functioning
• What is cyclothymia?

  A mild form of bipolar disorder with episodes of hypomania and mild depression
• What characterizes cyclothymic disorder?

  Numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for episodes
• What is Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (BP-NOS)?

  Symptoms that do not meet criteria for Bipolar I or II but are out of normal behavior range
• What are the symptoms of a major depressive episode?

  Depressed mood, loss of interest, fatigue, and suicidal thoughts
• How do the symptoms of hypomanic episodes differ from manic episodes?

  Hypomanic episodes are less severe than manic episodes
• What is the role of support groups in managing bipolar disorder?

  They provide valuable support and understanding from shared experiences
• What are some lifestyle changes that can promote well-being in bipolar disorder?

  Regular exercise, healthy diet, and adequate sleep
• What is the focus of Module 4 in the study material?

  Matters related to mood disorders
• Which mood disorders are discussed in Module 4?

  Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, and Cyclothymic disorder
• What are the main sections covered in Module 4?

  • Clinical Presentation – Depressive Disorders
  • Clinical Presentation – Bipolar Disorders
  • Epidemiology
  • Comorbidity
  • Etiology
• What are the learning outcomes of Module 4?

  Describe the clinical presentations, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidity, and treatment of mood disorders
• What are the two types of depressive disorders identified in the study material?

  Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder
• How does Persistent Depressive Disorder differ from Major Depressive Disorder?

  Persistent Depressive Disorder is more chronic and less severe
• What is the key difference between depressive disorders and bipolar disorders?

  Individuals with depressive disorders only experience symptoms of depression, while those with bipolar disorders have periods of mania/hypomania
• What is required for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder or Persistent Depressive Disorder?

  The individual must never have had a manic or hypomanic episode
• What are the four categories of symptoms for depression?

  • Mood symptoms
  • Behavioral symptoms
  • Cognitive symptoms
  • Physical symptoms
• What mood disturbances are commonly reported by individuals with depression?

  Depressed mood for most of the day and feelings of anhedonia
• What behavioral issues are often observed in individuals with depression?

  Decreased physical activity and reduced productivity
• How do cognitive symptoms manifest in individuals with depressive disorders?

  Negative view of themselves and the world, self-blame, and difficulty concentrating
• What are common physical symptoms associated with depression?

  Changes in sleep patterns, weight, and eating behaviors
• What is psychomotor agitation or retardation in the context of depression?


  Purposeless or slowed physical movement of the body
• What is the time frame for symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder?

  Symptoms present for a 2-week period
• What is the time frame for symptoms of Persistent Depressive Disorder?

  Symptoms present for the majority of 2 years
• What are the two types of Bipolar Disorder?

  Bipolar I and Bipolar II
• What qualifies an individual for a Bipolar I diagnosis?

  At least one manic episode
• What qualifies an individual for a Bipolar II diagnosis?

  A current or history of a hypomanic episode and a current or past major depressive episode
• What is a key feature of a manic episode?

  Abnormally, persistently expansive or irritable mood for nearly all day, every day, for at least one week
• What are common characteristics of a manic episode?

  Increased activity or energy, excessive happiness, and rapid shifts in mood
• What is grandiosity in the context of a manic episode?

  Inflated self-esteem that can appear delusional
• What is a common symptom related to sleep during a manic episode?

  Decreased need for sleep
• What is rapid, pressured speech in a manic episode?

  Fast nature of talking that can be difficult to follow
• What is cyclothymic disorder?

  Periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms that do not fully meet criteria for a depressive episode