Smoking and cardiovascular disease

• What is health defined as in the study material?

  Health is the state of physical and mental well-being.
• How do factors affect physical and mental health?

  Factors work together and affect physical and mental health.
• What is a disease?

  A disease is a disorder that affects an organism's body, organs, tissues, or cells.
• What are the different types of diseases mentioned?

  • Cancer and carcinogens
  • Smoking and cardiovascular disease
  • Effects of alcohol on organs and unborn babies
  • Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
• How does smoking affect cardiovascular disease?

  Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in several ways.
• What damage does smoking cause to arteries?

  Smoking damages the lining of the arteries, encouraging fatty material build-up.
• What can the build-up of fatty material in arteries lead to?

  It can lead to a heart attack or a stroke.
• What is carbon monoxide and how does it affect the blood?

  Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas that reduces the amount of oxygen carried by the blood.
• What effect does nicotine have on the heart?

  Nicotine increases the heart rate, putting strain on the heart.
• How do chemicals in cigarette smoke affect blood clotting?

  Chemicals in cigarette smoke increase the likelihood of blood clotting.
• What is COPD?

  COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes several lung diseases that restrict airflow.
• What lung diseases are included in COPD?

  COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
• What happens to the bronchioles in COPD?

  Smoking damages the bronchioles and can destroy many alveoli in the lungs.
• What are the symptoms of COPD?

  The airways become inflamed, mucus builds up, and the patient becomes breathless.
• Is the damage caused by COPD reversible?

  No, the damage caused by COPD is permanent and cannot be cured.
• What is the main cause of lung cancer?

  Almost all cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking.
• What trend is observed in lung cancer rates for women and men?

  The trend in lung cancer rates for women has been increasing, while for men it is decreasing.
• Why might a fall in female rates of lung cancer occur later?

  A fall in female rates of lung cancer is likely to occur later because cancer may take years to develop.
• What are the effects of smoking on babies during pregnancy?

  Smoking increases the risk of miscarriage and respiratory infections in babies.
• How does smoking affect the long-term development of a baby?

  Smoking affects the long-term physical growth and intellectual development of the baby.
• What is the risk of cot death associated with smoking parents?

  There is a greater risk of cot death, also known as sudden infant death syndrome.
• What additional information is needed to draw firm conclusions about the effect of mothers smoking on the birthweight of babies?

  • Conduct a similar study of mothers of different age groups.
  • Check for other lifestyle factors that could affect birthweight.
• What is the relationship between smoking and the risk of miscarriage?

  Smoking increases the risk of miscarriage.
• What are the potential birth defects associated with smoking during pregnancy?

  There is an increased risk of birth defects when mothers smoke during pregnancy.
• How does smoking affect the birthweight of babies?

  Smoking reduces the birthweight of babies.
• What is the effect of smoking on children after birth?

  Children of mothers who smoke are more likely to suffer from respiratory infections and asthma.
• What is the significance of the trend in lung cancer rates for women and men?

  The trend indicates changing smoking habits and susceptibility between genders over time.
• What is the role of ionising radiation in lung cancer?

  Ionising radiation from radon gas is linked to smaller numbers of lung cancer cases.
• What is the definition of a stroke?

  A stroke is damage to the brain caused by bleeding or blood clots in the brain's blood vessels.
• What is the relationship between smoking and lung diseases?

  Smoking may result in various lung diseases, including COPD.
• How does smoking contribute to the development of lung cancer?

  Carcinogens in cigarette smoke are the primary cause of lung cancer.
• What is the effect of smoking on the bronchioles?

  Smoking damages the bronchioles and can lead to their destruction.
• What is the significance of mucus build-up in the lungs due to smoking?

  Mucus build-up can lead to breathing difficulties and inflammation of the airways.
• What are the long-term consequences of smoking on lung health?

  Long-term smoking can lead to permanent lung damage and diseases like COPD and lung cancer.
• What is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis?

  Chronic bronchitis is primarily caused by smoking.
• How does smoking affect the respiratory system?

  Smoking damages the respiratory system, leading to diseases like COPD and lung cancer.
• What is the relationship between smoking and the risk of developing asthma in children?

  Children of mothers who smoke are at an increased risk of developing asthma.
• What is the effect of smoking on the heart's arteries?

  Smoking damages the lining of the heart's arteries.
• What is the impact of smoking on overall health?

  Smoking negatively impacts overall health, increasing the risk of various diseases.
• How does smoking contribute to the risk of heart attacks?

  Smoking increases the risk of heart attacks by damaging arteries and promoting blood clotting.