Lecture 4

• What are REDOX reactions?

  They are oxidation and reduction reactions that involve the transfer of electrons.
• Why are REDOX reactions important in cellular metabolism?

  They are crucial for energy generation and metabolic processes.
• How are REDOX reactions utilized in the microbial biotech industry?

  They serve as a basis for various biotechnological processes.
• What occurs during oxidation?

  Oxygen is added, hydrogen is removed, or electrons are lost from a molecule.
• What is the chemical equation representing the oxidation of glucose?

  CHO + 6 O → 6 CO + 6 HO + energy
• What is reduction in chemical terms?

  Reduction is the opposite of oxidation, involving the removal of oxygen, addition of hydrogen, or gain of electrons.
• What do REDOX rules state?

  Whenever something gets oxidized, something else gets reduced.
• What happens to fuel molecules during oxidation?

  Hydrogen atoms and electrons are transferred to another molecule.
• Name a major electron carrier molecule.

  NAD(H) - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
• What role do carrier molecules play in REDOX reactions?

  They pass electrons and protons and need to be recycled.
• What is the significance of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

  It involves the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP.
• What is produced during glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?

  Pyruvate is reduced to ethanol or lactic acid, generating ATP.
• What is the Krebs cycle also known as?

  Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) or Citric Acid Cycle.
• What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

  It allows maximal generation of ATP and provides biosynthetic intermediates.
• What happens to succinate and FAD during the Krebs cycle?

  Succinate is oxidized and FAD is reduced.
• What is the role of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

  It recycles H⁺ and e^- carrier molecules after the Krebs cycle.
• How much ATP is generated from glycolysis alone?

  2 ATP per glucose molecule.
• What is the total ATP yield from the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic conditions?

  36 ATP per glucose molecule.
• What are the key components of REDOX reactions in cellular metabolism?

  • Oxidation involves:
  • Addition of oxygen
  • Removal of hydrogen atoms
  • Removal of electrons
  • Reduction involves:
  • Loss of oxygen
  • Addition of hydrogen atoms
  • Addition of electrons
• What are the learning outcomes of the lecture on REDOX reactions?

  • Describe oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions
  • Explain the importance of carrier molecules in REDOX reactions
  • Explain the importance of REDOX reactions in cellular metabolism and energy generation
  • Explain how redox reactions are utilized in microbial biotech industries
• What are the examples of redox reactions in the Krebs cycle?

  • Succinate is oxidized and FAD is reduced.
  • Malate loses electrons and hydrogen (oxidized), while NAD⁺ gains electrons and hydrogen (reduced).
• How do redox reactions relate to microbial biotechnology industries?

  • Redox reactions are foundational for processes in microbial biotechnology.
  • They enable the conversion of substrates into valuable products.
• The second step is to design primers that will amplify only the desired region of DNA.
• The first step is to identify the target gene.
• The third step is to perform PCR using the designed primers, which results in the production of many copies of the targeted DNA sequence.
• PCR can be used to generate large quantities of specific DNA sequences.
• The third step is to clone the PCR product into an expression vector.
• In PCR, two oligonucleotide primers are used to initiate synthesis of new strands of DNA.