Distillation

• What are the different methods to separate mixtures mentioned in the study material?

  Filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation, fractional distillation, and chromatography
• What is simple distillation used for?

  • To separate a solvent from a solution
  • Useful for producing pure water from seawater
• Why does simple distillation work effectively?

  Because the dissolved solute has a much higher boiling point than the solvent
• What happens to the solvent during simple distillation?

  The solvent vapor leaves the solution when heated
• What occurs to the remaining solution after the solvent evaporates in simple distillation?

  The remaining solution becomes more concentrated
• Describe the process of simple distillation using salty water.

  1. Salty water is heated
  2. Water vapor cools in the condenser
  3. Water condenses and drips into a beaker, leaving salt behind
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  To separate different liquids from a mixture of liquids
• How does fractional distillation work?

  It separates liquids based on their different boiling points
• What is an example of a mixture that can be separated by fractional distillation?

  Crude oil
• What are fractions in the context of fractional distillation?

  Fractions are the different parts of the original mixture with similar boiling points
• What happens to vapors during fractional distillation?

  Vapors rise through a column that is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top
• How are different liquids collected in fractional distillation?

  By collecting them from different parts of the column or by continuing to heat the mixture
• Describe the process of separating ethanol from water using fractional distillation.

  1. Water and ethanol solution is heated
  2. Ethanol evaporates first, cools, and condenses
  3. Water left evaporates, cools, and condenses