Criticisms:

• Sees crime as a working class phenomenon
• Over-predicts working class crime
• Ignores wider power structure
• Explain why crime is committed in groups
• South 2020: drug trade a mixture of disorganised crime and conflict subculture
• Reactive Theories
• Matza 1964: delinquents float between delinquency and non delinquency
• Messner and Rosenfield: societies based on free-market capitalism and lack welfare have higher crime rates
• Downes and Hansen 2006: Societies with inadequate welfare provisions have higher rates of imprisonment
• Savelsberg 1995: After collapse of communism, massive rise in crime as communism's collective values were replaced with new western capitalist goals