Chemistry - organic

• A nucleophilic substitution reaction is when a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in a molecule.
• Alkene to Alkane


  Hydrogenation

  H2,

  Nickel catylyst,
• Alkene to Polymer


  Polymerisation

  Alkene Monomer
• Alkene to Haloalkane


  Electrophilic Addition

  HX
• Alkene to Alcohol


  Electrophilic Addition

  Steam,

  H3PO4
• Alkane to Haloalkane


  Radical Substitution

  UV Light
• Haloalkane to Amine


  Nucleophilic Substitution

  NH3
• Haloalkane to Nitrile


  Nucleophilic Substitution

  NaCN,

  Ethanol (Solvent)
• Haloalkane to Alcohol


  Nucleophilic Substitution

  NaOH
• Alcohol to Haloalkane


  Nucleophilic Substitution

  NaX
• Alcohol to Alkene


  Elimination

  Concentrated H2SO4,

  Heat
• Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde


  Oxidation

  Distil,

  H2SO4,

  Cr2O7^2-
• Aldehyde to Primary Alcohol


  Reduction

  NaBH4,

  H2O
• Secondary Alcohol to Ketone


  Oxidation

  Reflux,

  Cr2O7^2-,

  H2SO4
• Ketone to Secondary Alcohol


  Reduction

  Nucleophilic Addition

  NaBH4,

  H2O
• Ketone to Nitrile


  NaCN,

  H2SO4
• Nitrile to Amine


  Reduction

  H2,

  Nickel
• Ketone to Hydroxy-Nitrile


  Nucleophilic Addition

  NaCN,

  H2SO4
• Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

  Oxidation

  Reflux,

  K2Cr2O7,

  H2SO4
• Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid

  Hydrolysis

  H2O,

  HCl
• Carboxylic Acid to Ester

  Alcohol,

  Reflux
• Carboxylic Acid to Acid Anhydride

  Alcohol,

  Basic Presence
• Acid Anhydride to Ester


  Alcohol,

  Reflux
• Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride

  Acylation

  SOCl2
• Acyl Chloride to Ester


  Esterification

  Alcohol
• Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid

  Hydrolysis

  H2O
• Ester to Carboxylate Ion

  Hydration
• Acyl Chloride to Primary Amide


  NH3
• Acyl Chloride to Secondary Amide


  Primary Amine
• Acyl Chloride to Tertiary Amide

  Secondary Amine
• Phenol to 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol

  Electrophilic Substitution

  Nitration

  Dilute HNO3
• Phenol to 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol

  Bromination

  Br2
• Phenol to RCO-Phenol


  Esterification

  RCOCl
• Phenol to Na+O-C6H6


  Neutralisation

  NaOH(aq)
• Benzene to Bromobenzene


  Electrophilic Substitution

  Br2,

  FeBr3
• Benzene to Nitrobenzene


  Electrophilic Substitution

  Nitration

  HNO3,

  H2SO4
• Benzene to Chlorobenzene


  Electrophilic Substitution

  Chlorination

  Cl2,

  AlCl3
• Benzene to Methylbenzene


  Electrophilic Substitution

  Alkylation

  CH3Cl,

  AlCl3
• Benzene to Acylbenzene


  Electrophilic Substitution

  Acylation

  RCOCl,

  AlCl3
• Nitrobenzene to 3-Bromonitrobenzene


  Br2,

  FeBr3,

  High Temperature