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chemistry
chemistry paper 1
quantitive chemistry
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A
mole
in chemistry is a unit of
measurement
that represents the
amount
of
a
substance.
It is equal to
6.022
x
10
^
23
particles.
the
law
of
conservation
of
mass
is where the
total mass
of
reactants
is
equal
to the
total mass
of
products
a
metal salt
+
hydrogen
is created when a
metal reacts
with an
acid
during hydration
steam
is reacted with
ethane
to give
ethanol
2 ways
ethanol
is produced:
fermentation
hydration
to calculate atom economy:
sum
of
formula mass
of
desired product
--------------------------------------
relative formula mass
of all
reactants
x100
Concentration
is typically expressed as the
amount
of
solute dissolved
in a given amount of
solvent
or
solution.
The formula for calculating the
concentration
of a solution is:
concentration
=
mol
/
vol.
a
titration
is a method to find how much
acid
is needed to
neutralise
an
alkali
relative formula mass
is the
sum
of all
atomic masses
in a
substance
electrodes
are made out of
carbon
in a
redox
reaction, both
oxidation
and
reduction
take place
in
electrolysis
:
the
positive
ions=
cations
the
negative
ions=
anions
in
electrolysis
:
the
positive
electrodes=
anodes
the
negative
electrodes=
cathodes
electrolysis
is the use of an electrical current to
break down
compounds containing
ions
into their
elements
a change of
1
unit of
pH
indicates the
concentration
of
H+
ions has
decreased
by
10
a
strong
acid is where the
H+
ions are
fully
ionised in
water
litmus paper changes:
red
=
acid
blue
=
alkali
pH
is measured by:
universal indicator
pH probe
the
pH
scale is a measure of the
acidity
or
alkalinity
of a substance
a
displacement
reaction is when a
more
reactive metal will displace a
less
reactive metal from its
salt
reactivity
is how easily a substance
loses
electrons
reduction
is the:
loss
of
oxygen
gain
of
electrons
oxidation
is the:
gain
of oxygen
loss
of electrons
hydration
is better than
fermentation
as
hydration
has an atom economy of
100
%
scientists choose pathways with
high
atom economies as:
more
money
/
profit
is made
less
wasted
materials
sustainable
development
atom economy
is the measure of the amount of
reactants
that end up as
useful product
percentage
yield
is calculated by:
actual
yield
-----------
x100
theoretical
yield
2 indicators used in titrations:
methyl orange
phenolphthalein
the
neutralisation
equation is
H+
+
OH-
=
H20
a
limiting reactant
is when
1 reactant
is
used up
so it
stops
the
reaction
going any
further
the calculation for
moles
:
mass
(g)
------------
atomic
/
formula mass
(
Mr
)(
g
/
mol
)
reactions have a change in
mass
when:
they're carried out in a
non closed
system
they involve a
gas
that can
escape
or
enter
the system
mass
is
conserved
in a reaction as
no
atoms are
lost
or
made