B1 - You and your Genes

• What is genetic engineering used for?


  medicine and agriculture
• Describe the process of genetic engineering

  • useful gene isolated and cut from genome using enzymes. The gene is then replicated to produce long copies
  • Each copy is then inserted into a vector- usually a plasmid
  • The vectors are then mixed with other cells (bacteria). The vectors will be taken up by the cells which will become genetically modified
  • Most of the cells don't take up the vector so the cells that have been modified need to be identified and selected
  • The selected cells are then allowed to replicate - each new cell will have the desired gene and produce the protein it codes for
• What are the benefits of genetic testing?

  • help with family planning
  • improve health care and diagnosis
  • treatment can begin earlier with earlier detection - saving lives
• What did Gregor Mendel discover?


  characteristics in pea plants were passed down from generation to generation
• What are the chromosomes for males?


  xy
• what are the chromosomes for females?


  xx
• What are mutations?


  random changes to the genome
• What are the 3 different types of mutations?

  • substitution
  • deletion
  • insertion
• What are chromosomes? how many?

  long molecules of DNA (23 pairs)
• What is a genome?


  A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA or RNA) present in an organism.
• What type of molecule is DNA?


  Polymer
• what is the structure of DNA?


  double helix with a sugar phosphate backbone with base pairs joining from side to side
• What is a gene?


  A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or performing a specific function in an organism.
• What do genes code for?

  Amino acids and therefore proteins
• What are versions of a gene called?

  alleles/genetic variants
• What is a genotype?


  combination an organism has for each gene
• What is a phenotype?


  characteristics an organism displays
• What are all living things made out of?

  cells
• What are the two types of cells?

  eukaryotic and prokaryotic
• Which cell has a nucleus?

  Eukaryotic
• Which cell doesn't have a nucleus

  Prokaryotic
• What are examples of a eukaryotic cell?


  plant, animal
• example of prokaryotic cell?


  bacterial and sperm
• What are different parts of the cell called?

  sub cellular structures
• How many nucleotides are there in DNA (names)- 4

  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
• Which nucleotide matches with which?


  adenine and thymine , cytosine and guanine
• How is an amino acid coded for?


  sequence of 3 bases in a gene called a triplet
• Describe the process of protein synthesis

  • in nucleus, two DNA strands unzip
  • DNA is used as a template to make mRNA
  • Base pairing ensures mRNA is complementary to the opposite DNA strand
  • mRNA moves out of nucleus as it is small enough and into the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome.
  • Amino acids are then joined together correctly by the ribosome, following the order of the triplets in the mRNA.
  • This makes the protein coded for by a gene
• Eukaryotic cells

  .

  A) nucleus

  B) genetic material

  C) cytoplasm

  D) chemical reactions

  E) membrane

  F) mitochondria

  G) ribosomes

  
• Prokaryotic cells - plants

  .

  A) cell wall

  B) vacuole

  C) chloroplasts

  D) chlorophyll

  
• Microscope

  .

  A) eyepiece

  B) lenses

  C) clip

  D) stage

  E) lamp

  F) knob

  G) coarse

  
• How to view cells using a light microscope

  .

  A) thin

  B) slide

  C) pipette

  D) tweezers

  E) cover slip

  F) lowest

  G) coarse

  H) fine

  I) downwards

  
• DNA

  .

  A) base

  B) sugar

  C) phosphate

  D) nucleotide

  E) bases

  
• Genetic engineering (1)

  .

  A) desired gene

  B) cut out

  C) replicated

  
• Genetic engineering (2)

  .

  A) plasmid

  B) gene

  C) bacteria

  D) modified