ways of studying the brain

• What have psychologists discovered about states of sleep and language disorders?

  They have made impressive discoveries about these psychological phenomena.
• Why are the discoveries about the brain significant?

  They would have been impossible without the tools now available to researchers.
• What are the two concepts modified in brain studies?

  • Spatial resolution: accuracy of the exact position of brain structures or activity.
  • Temporal resolution: accuracy of when brain activity took place.
• What is the oldest method of studying the brain?

  Post-mortem dissection.
• How are brains treated for post-mortem dissection?

  They are usually treated chemically or fixed to give them a thermo texture.
• What types of brains are chosen for post-mortem dissection?

  Brains of individuals with mental illness, trauma, or unusual behavior.
• What is compared during post-mortem studies?

  The brain of the individual is compared to a neurotypical brain.
• Who made a famous psychological discovery using post-mortem dissection?

  Paul Broca.
• What language issue did the patient Tan have?

  He could only say "tan" and had issues with language production.
• What area of the brain was damaged in Tan's case?

  Significant damage was found in the frontal lobe above the temporal lobe.
• What disorder is associated with the area of the brain studied in Tan?

  Broca's aphasia.
• What is the primary advantage of post-mortem studies?

  They allow for microscopic detail of brain structures.
• What is a major disadvantage of post-mortem studies?

  They cannot show the brain in action.
• What is fMRI an abbreviation for?

  Functional magnetic resonance imaging.
• What do fMRI machines detect in the brain?

  Blood flow by detecting magnetic variations between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin.
• How does brain activity affect blood flow in fMRI studies?

  More active parts of the brain need more oxygen, increasing blood supply.
• What is a major advantage of fMRI?

  It creates detailed spatial images of the brain with a resolution of up to one millimeter.
• What is a disadvantage of fMRI regarding timing?

  There is a delay of a few seconds between neuron activation and blood arrival.
• What is the cost implication of fMRI machines?

  They are very expensive to build and operate.
• What is EEG an abbreviation for?

  Electroencephalogram.
• How many electrodes are typically used in an EEG?

  22 to 34 electrodes.
• What do EEG patterns represent?

  They represent the total activity of the brain just under each sensor.
• What are the distinct patterns of brainwaves identified by EEG?

  Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Theta waves.
• What is amplitude in the context of EEG waves?

  Amplitude is how much the waves go up and down.
• What is frequency in the context of EEG waves?

  Frequency is how close together each wave is to the next.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of EEG?

  Advantages:

  • Non-invasive and non-surgical.
  • Useful for diagnosing disorders like epilepsy.
  • Fantastic temporal accuracy (milliseconds).
  • Cheaper than fMRI.

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Poor spatial accuracy.
  • Only measures activity on the cortex.
  • Takes time to set up electrodes.
• What does ERP stand for?

  Event-related potentials.
• How does ERP differ from EEG?

  ERP isolates and studies individual neurocognitive processes in response to stimuli.
• What is the purpose of averaging in ERP studies?

  Averaging removes electrical noise and highlights the brain's response to a stimulus.
• What do the peaks in ERP waveforms indicate?

  The peaks show positive or negative polarity and indicate timing after stimulus presentation.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of ERP?

  Advantages:

  • Fantastic temporal resolution (milliseconds).
  • Isolates cognitive processes.

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Poor spatial resolution.
  • Only measures activity on the cortex.
• How can combining EEG and fMRI enhance brain studies?

  • EEG provides excellent temporal resolution.
  • fMRI offers detailed spatial resolution.
  • Combining both allows for a deeper understanding of brain activity.
• What groundbreaking research was published in 2018 regarding brain scanning?

  Neuroscientists connected the brains of three individuals using EEG and transcranial magnetic stimulation.
• What was the purpose of connecting three brains in the 2018 study?

  To play a game similar to Tetris without verbal communication.
• What potential future application was suggested by the 2018 brain-to-brain interface research?

  Direct brain-to-brain computer-aided telepathy.
• What is the purpose of the video mentioned in the study material?

  To provide resources for studying psychology.
• How many psychology videos are mentioned as available for study?

  More than 140 psychology videos.
• What is encouraged at the end of the video?

  To subscribe and like the channel.