Gram negative

• What type of flagella do Pseudomonas bacteria have?

  Polar flagella
• What type of respiration do Pseudomonas bacteria perform?

  Aerobic respiration
• In which part of the body do Pseudomonas bacteria flourish?

  In the lungs
• What can Pseudomonas bacteria use instead of oxygen?

  Nitrogen
• What is the primary bacterium responsible for infections in humans among Pseudomonas species?

  Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• What types of infections can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause in humans?

  Respiratory infections, bacteraemia, CNS infections, ear infections, eye infections, and bone and joint infections
• What is Ralstonia solanacearum known for?

  Causing wilt diseases in cultivated plants
• What is one use of Pseudomonas syringae?

  Ice nucleation to prevent frost damage
• What disease does Burkholderia pseudomallei cause?

  Melioidosis
• Where is Burkholderia pseudomallei commonly found?

  In soil, water, and rice paddies
• What type of infection can melioidosis cause?

  Localized infection from a break in the skin or pulmonary infection
• What is Burkholderia cepacia associated with?

  Cystic fibrosis infections
• Where do Enterobacteriaceae typically inhabit?

  The gastrointestinal tract of hosts like humans, animals, and insects
• What are common routes of infection for Enterobacteriaceae?

  Oral, via wounds, urinary tract, and respiratory tract
• What diseases are commonly caused by Enterobacteriaceae?

  Diarrhoea, sepsis, urinary tract infections, CNS infections, and brain infections
• What type of fermenter is Salmonella?

  Non-lactose fermenter
• What test is Salmonella indole test result?

  Indole test negative
• What does H2S production indicate in Salmonella?

  It indicates the ability to produce hydrogen sulfide
• What is the role of T3SS in Salmonella?

  It transfers proteins from bacterial cytoplasm to host cells
• What does SPI1 encode in Salmonella?

  Genes necessary for invasion of intestinal epithelial cells
• What does SPI2 encode in Salmonella?

  Genes essential for intracellular replication and systemic infection
• What are the symptoms of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi?

  Slow fever, rose spots, and mild bacteraemia
• What is Salmonella enterica commonly known as?

  Salmonella enteritidis
• What are the symptoms of non-typhoid salmonella infections?

  Diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps
• What is the primary habitat of Escherichia coli?

  The mammalian gastrointestinal tract
• What is Shiga toxin producing E. coli also known as?

  STEC
• What is uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) commonly associated with?

  Urinary tract infections
• Why are urinary tract infections more common in females?

  Due to a shorter urethra
• What is the primary virulence factor of meningitis-associated E. coli (MNEC)?

  1. 1 antigen
• What is the main cause of gastrointestinal infections by intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC)?

  Transmission by infected food and water
• What are the types of E. coli based on their pathogenicity?

  ETEC, EIEC, EAggEC, EPEC, EHEC/STEC
• What is the most ancient cause of epidemics among Shigella species?

  1. dysenteriae
• Which Shigella species is most frequent in developed world cases?

  1. flexneri
• What is the first line treatment for Shigella infections?

  Fluoroquinolones
• How is Shigella primarily spread?

  Faecal-oral and person-to-person spread
• What is the typical age group affected by Yersinia enterocolitica?

  Most common in children around 7 years old
• What type of plague is caused by Yersinia pestis?

  Pneumonic and bubonic plague
• How does bubonic plague spread in the body?

  It is transported to regional lymph nodes
• What is the transmission method for pneumonic plague?

  Transmitted in aerosols and highly contagious
• What is the role of M cells in Yersinia infection?

  They help the bacteria cross the epithelial barrier