Lecture 4.0 - Hydrocarbons

• What are hydrocarbons primarily composed of?

  Hydrogen and carbon atoms
• What distinguishes saturated hydrocarbons from unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds, while unsaturated have double or triple bonds
• Name two examples of hydrocarbons mentioned in the study material.

  Isododecane and squalane
• What is the primary application of hydrocarbons in cosmetics?

  They are used as cosmetic raw materials
• What are the main types of oils used in cosmetics?

  • Hydrocarbons
  • Animal & vegetable oils & fats
  • Waxes
  • Esters
  • Higher alcohols
  • Fatty acids
  • Silicones
• How is ethene produced from ethanol?

  By heating ethanol with excess dehydrated concentrated sulfuric acid at 170°C
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_2n+2
• What are the three structural forms of alkanes?

  Linear, branched, and cyclic
• How does polarity affect the properties of hydrocarbons in cosmetics?

  It determines compatibility with other ingredients and affects viscosity and consistency
• What are the properties of alkanes?

  They do not conduct electricity, do not form hydrogen bonds, and are insoluble in polar solvents
• What are humectants and their function in cosmetics?

  Humectants are hygroscopic ingredients that draw water from deeper layers of the skin
• What are the subclasses of moisturizers?

  • Humectants
  • Emollients
  • Occlusives
• What is the role of occlusives in skincare products?

  They create a hydrophobic barrier to prevent trans-epidermal water loss
• What is the INCI name for Isododecane?

  Isododecane
• What is the melting point range for Petrolatum?

  30-60°C
• What is the process of hydrogenation in relation to vegetable oils?

  It involves reacting vegetable oils with hydrogen gas to convert double bonds to single bonds
• What is the INCI name for Squalane?


  Squalane
• What is the primary use of mineral oil in cosmetics?

  It is suitable for a line of cosmetics due to its properties as a saturated hydrocarbon
• What is the composition of microcrystalline waxes?

  They are composed of paraffin and naphthenic hydrocarbons
• What is the function of Ceresin in cosmetics?

  Ceresin hardens the oily part of emulsions and reduces brittleness
• What is the melting point range for Ceresin?

  61-95°C
• What is the role of propellants in aerosol products?

  Propellants are means of getting the product out of the can
• What are the main types of hydrocarbons used in cosmetics?

  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
• What are the characteristics of alkenes?

  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • Contain double covalent bonds
  • General formula: C_nH_2n
• What are the characteristics of dienes, trienes, and polyenes?

  • Contain alternating double and single bonds
  • Dienes have two double bonds
  • Polyenes have at least three alternating double bonds
• What is the significance of the chemical structure in determining the properties of hydrocarbons?

  • Determines polarity
  • Affects compatibility with other ingredients
  • Governs viscosity, consistency, and feel of the product
• What are the common emollients used in cosmetics?

  • Mineral oil
  • Fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid)
  • Vegetable oils (e.g., almond oil)
  • Silicones
  • Waxes (e.g., beeswax)
• What are the properties of occlusives in skincare?

  • Create a hydrophobic barrier
  • Block trans-epidermal water loss
  • Often sticky and greasy
• What is the significance of the INCI naming system in cosmetics?

  • Provides standardized ingredient names
  • Ensures transparency for consumers
  • Facilitates regulatory compliance
• What is the role of glycerin in cosmetics?

  • Acts as a humectant
  • Draws moisture to the skin
  • Helps prevent water evaporation
• What is the role of fatty acids in cosmetics?

  • Provide emollient properties
  • Help to soften and smooth the skin
  • Can act as surfactants
• What is the role of silicones in cosmetics?

  • Provide a smooth application
  • Enhance spreadability
  • Offer water resistance
• What is the significance of the melting point in cosmetic ingredients?

  • Affects texture and consistency
  • Influences stability and performance
  • Determines application methods
• What is the importance of viscosity in cosmetic formulations?

  • Affects product spreadability
  • Influences application experience
  • Determines stability of emulsions
• What is the role of waxes in cosmetic formulations?

  • Provide structure and stability
  • Enhance texture and feel
  • Can act as emulsifiers
• What is the significance of using biobased feedstock in hydrocarbon production?

  • Reduces reliance on fossil fuels
  • Supports sustainability
  • Can lead to lower environmental impact
• What is the role of animal and vegetable oils in cosmetics?

  • Provide moisturizing properties
  • Enhance texture and spreadability
  • Can act as emollients and occlusives
• What is the role of propellants in aerosol products?

  • Facilitate the dispensing of the product
  • Ensure even distribution
  • Can affect the product's performance
• What is the role of higher alcohols in cosmetic formulations?

  • Act as emulsifiers
  • Provide emollient properties
  • Enhance texture and stability
• What is the significance of the term "viscosity" in cosmetic products?

  • Affects the thickness and flow of the product
  • Influences application and spreadability
  • Determines stability of emulsions