2.8 Intelligence and Achievement

• Intelligence


  -the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. Meaning changes depending on culture
• General Intelligence (g)


  -underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
• Factor Analysis


  -a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underline a person's total score
• Fluid Intelligence (Gf)


  -out ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood
• Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)


  -our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
• An experienced software developer may use her Gf to develop creative new theories of comp. programming. Her Gc may be evident in the way she expertly discusses her work at the conference.
• Cattle-Horn-Carroll (CHC)


  -the theory that our intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities, bridged by Gf and Gc
• Savant Syndrome


  -a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

  -Ex: Being good at art or calculations.
• Tiarchic Theory


  -Analytical (academic problem-solving)

  -Creative intelligence (innovative smarts)

  -Practical Intelligence (everyday tasks)
• Emotional Intelligence


  -the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
• Sternberg


  -multiple intelligence

  -Analytical, Creative, Practical
• Intelligence Test


  -a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

  -License test, school tests, etc.

  -2 categories: Achievement and Aptitude
• Achievement Tests


  -a test designed to assess what a person has learned.

  -Ex: AP Exams
• Aptitude Tests


  -a test designed too predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

  -Ex: SAT
• Mental Age


  -Binet: the level of performance associated with a child with certain chronological age.

  -Ex: A really smart 8 year can have a mental age of a 10 year old.
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

  • mental age/chronological age x 100
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

  -Similarities-> "In what way are wool and cotton alike?"

  -Vocab-> "What is a guitar?"

  -Block design-> "Use 4 blocks to do this _"

  -Letter-number sequencing-> "R-2-C-1-M-3" lettering in ascending order

  -most used intelligence test
• Psychometric


  -the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

  -Psychological test must have psychometric properties.
• Standardization


  -defining testing procedure and meaningfulness by comparing it to a pretested group (basis for future comparison).
• Normal Curve


  -the bell-shaped curve, most scores fall in the average.

  -distribution of psychological and physical attributes.
• Flynn Effect


  -rise in intelligence test performance over time and across cultures.
• Reliability


  -the consistency of a measure or test over time.

  -Test-retest and split-half
• Test-retest


  -the consistency of a measure when the same test is administered to the same group of people at two different points in time.
• Split-half


  -a method used to assess the internal consistency of a test.

  -it evaluates whether different parts of a test yield similar results.
• Validity


  -the extent to which a test measures what it is suppoused to
• Tape measure with faulty marking is ...

  Reliable but not Valid.
• Content Validity


  -the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

  -Ex: The road test for a driver's license has content validity because it samples the tasks a driver routinely faces.
• Construct Validity


  -how much a test measures a concept or trait.

  -Ex: The test for self-esteem has construct validity because people answer questions about their self-feelings.
• Predictive Validity


  -the extent to which a test or measure can accurately forecast future performance or outcomes based on the scores obtained.

  -it is a type of criterion-related validity, which assesses how well one measure predicts an outcome based on another measure.
• Cross-sectional-study


  -research that compares of different ages at the same point in time.

  -Ex: social media usage between 12-16 year olds to 35-45 year olds
• Longitudinal study


  -research that follows and retests the same people over time.

  -Ex: effects of smoking on a person.
• Cohort


  -a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as being from a given time period.
• Growth Mindset

  -is the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, learning, and persistence. Here’s an example to illustrate this concept:
• Fixed Mindset


  -you are who you are. You can't change
• Stereotype Threat


  -the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's social

  -affect performance, motivation, self-esteem negatively

  -Ex: reminding black people of their race before a test makes them preform worse than white peers, telling them it's personal skills makes them perform the same.
• Stereotype lift


  -where individuals from a social group experience an increase in performance or self-esteem when they are reminded of positive stereotypes about their group