biology

• name the 3 groups of eukaryotes


  animals plants fungi
• The name two groups of prokaryotes

  bacteria archea
• where is the DNA found in eukaryotes

  nucleus
• where is the DNA found in prokaryotes


  loose DNA and plasmids in the cytoplasm
• what five organelles do animal cells have

  nucleus cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondria ribosomes
• what three organelles to plant cells have the animal cells do not

  chloroplast vacuole cell wall(made of cellulose)
• What are the two functions of the nucleus


  Controls the activities of the cell and stores DNA
• what is the function of the cytoplasm


  where most of the chemical reactions happen
• what is the function of the cell membrane


  Controls what moves in and out of the cell
• what is the function of ribosomes


  protein synthesis
• What is the function of mitochondria


  aerobic respiration
• what is the function of chloroplasts


  photosynthesis
• What is the function of the vacuole 


  stores water and cell sap
• function of the cell wall


  make the cell stronger
• what are plant cell walls made from

  cellulose
• what organelles do bacteria have


  cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes cell wall lose DNA plasmids flagellum
• what is the function of flagellum


  to enable the bacteria to move
• what is a plasmid


  Circular DNA
• define differentiation


  how cells form different types of cells
• define a specialised cell


  A cell that has adaptations that make them effective at their function
• what is the function and adaptations of sperm cells


  fertilise an egg cell, tail to move, lots of mitochondria, enzymes in the head
• what is the function and adaptations of a muscle cell


  contract for movement, lots of mitochondria
• what is the function and adaptations of root hair cells


  to absorb/transfer substances into the roots,short diffusion pathway, large surface area
• what is the function and adaptations of nerve cells

  send electrical impulses, long and thin for rapid transmission, insulated to prevent impulses from being transmitted where we don’t want them to be
• what is the function and adaptations of xylem cells


  transport water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves, hollow tubes, cells are strengthened by lignin
• what is the function and adaptations of phloem cells


  transport sugars and amino acids from the leaves to the rest of the plant, sieve plates at the end of cells to allow sugars and amino acids through but not larger molecules, have companion cells with lots of mitochondria for releasing energy
• Name the two types of microscopes


  light microscope, electron microscope
• give two advantages of light microscopes


  cheap and easy
• give two advantages of electron microscopes


  higher magnification higher resolution
• when using a light microscope the image is blurred how could you fix this


  adjust the focusing wheel until object is in focus
• define chromosome


  condensed DNA
• define a gene


  The short section of DNA that codes for a specific protein
• what are the three stages of the cell cycle


  growth, mitosis, divides into two identical daughter cells
• describe the four stages of mitosis


  chromosome replication, chromosomes lineup on the equator, chromosomes strand pulled to the polls, cell divides into two identical daughter cells
• what are the two functions of mitosis


  growth and repair
• what are stem cells

  an undifferentiated cell that is capable of becoming different types of specialised cells
• Cell Theory


  Composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, all cells arise from pre-existing cells
• Human Body Composition


  99.9% water, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, with remaining 0.1% consisting of bones, teeth, hair, and nails
• Keratin Function


  Provides strength, texture, and elasticity to hair, nails, skin, and the lining of the mouth and digestive tract
• where are stem cells found in animals


  embryos and bone marrow