Hormones

• What is the endocrine system?

  The endocrine system is a system that controls the body using hormones.
• How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system?

  The endocrine system uses hormones carried in the bloodstream, while the nervous system uses electrical impulses.
• What is a key feature of the nervous system?

  The nervous system is fast but has short term effects.
• What are hormones?

  Hormones are chemicals that are secreted by glands and act on specific target organs.
• What do the glands in the endocrine system do?

  The glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
• What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

  The pancreas releases hormones that control the concentration of glucose in the blood.
• What hormones do the ovaries and testes release?

  The ovaries and testes release hormones involved in puberty and reproduction.
• What does the thyroid gland produce hormones for?

  The thyroid gland produces hormones involved in growth and regulating the body's metabolic rate.
• What hormone do the adrenal glands release?

  The adrenal glands release adrenaline during times of fear or stress.
• Where is the pituitary gland located?

  The pituitary gland is located in the brain.
• Why is the pituitary gland referred to as the master gland?

  Because it releases hormones that act on other glands to trigger hormone release.
• What is a key point about pituitary hormones?

  They act on other glands and cause other hormones to be secreted.
• What are the key glands in the endocrine system?

  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pituitary gland
• What are the differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

  • Endocrine system uses hormones; nervous system uses electrical impulses.
  • Endocrine system effects are slower and long-lasting; nervous system effects are fast and short-lived.
• How do the hormones from the pituitary gland affect the body?

  • They act on other glands.
  • They trigger the secretion of other hormones.
  • They can cause a range of different effects in the body.
• What hormone is used to control blood glucose concentration?

  Insulin
• What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

  Insulin triggers body cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
• What are the two types of diabetes mentioned?

  Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
• How does Type 1 diabetes affect insulin production?

  The pancreas does not produce enough insulin
• How does blood glucose concentration change in a person with Type 1 diabetes after a carbohydrate-rich meal?

  It rises and stays at a high level
• What do people with Type 1 diabetes do when their blood glucose rises too much?

  They inject themselves with insulin
• How does Type 2 diabetes differ from Type 1 diabetes in terms of insulin response?

  Body cells stop responding to insulin produced by the pancreas
• What dietary changes are recommended for managing Type 2 diabetes?

  A diet with a controlled level of carbohydrates
• What is a major risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes?

  Obesity
• What happens to blood glucose concentration when it falls between meals?

  The pancreas releases glucagon
• What effect does glucagon have on liver cells?

  It triggers liver cells to convert glycogen back to glucose
• How do insulin and glucagon work together in blood glucose regulation?

  They form a negative feedback cycle
• What is the process of blood glucose regulation after a meal?

  • Blood glucose rises after a carbohydrate-rich meal
  • Pancreas senses the rise and releases insulin
  • Insulin triggers cells to take up glucose
  • Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
  • Blood glucose concentration returns to normal
• What are the characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

  Type 1 Diabetes:

  • Pancreas does not produce enough insulin
  • Requires insulin injections

  
  

  Type 2 Diabetes:

  • Body cells stop responding to insulin
  • Managed with diet and exercise
  • Often associated with obesity
• What is the role of glucagon in blood glucose regulation?

  • Released when blood glucose concentration falls
  • Triggers conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
  • Raises blood glucose concentration back to normal
• How do insulin and glucagon maintain homeostasis in blood glucose levels?

  • Insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high
  • Glucagon raises blood glucose when levels are low
  • Together, they maintain a stable blood glucose concentration
• Why is it important for the body to maintain water levels in the blood?

  To ensure cells work efficiently
• What happens if the blood becomes too dilute?

  Water moves into cells by osmosis
• What occurs if the blood becomes too concentrated?

  Water moves out of cells by osmosis
• What are the three ways the body can lose water?

  Through the lungs, sweating, and kidneys
• How does the body lose water via the lungs?

  When we exhale
• What does sweating also contain besides water?

  Ions such as sodium and the waste product urea
• Why can't the body control water loss through sweating?

  Because sweating is part of the body's unconscious temperature control
• How does the body control water loss via the kidneys?

  By adjusting the amount of water lost in urine
• What do the kidneys remove from the blood?

  Urea, excess ions, and excess water