Reproduction

• What is the endocrine system?

  It is a system where hormones are released by glands into the bloodstream to trigger effects in target organs
• What role do reproductive hormones play during puberty?

  They cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop
• What hormone do the testes produce in men?

  Testosterone
• What does testosterone stimulate in men?

  It stimulates the testes to produce sperm
• What hormone do the ovaries produce in women?

  Estrogen
• What happens to eggs in the ovaries once puberty begins?

  They start to mature and an egg is released every 28 days
• What is ovulation?

  It is the release of an egg from the ovary
• What happens to the uterus lining in preparation for ovulation?

  It becomes thick and spongy
• What occurs if the egg is fertilized?

  The egg can implant into the uterus wall and develop into a baby
• What happens if the egg does not get fertilized?

  Both the egg and the uterus lining are released, resulting in a period
• What are the four key hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
• What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) do?

  It causes an egg to mature in the ovary
• What is the role of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

  It causes the egg to be released, triggering ovulation
• What are the functions of estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

  They maintain the uterus lining in case the egg is fertilized and implanted
• What happens to FSH and LH levels when progesterone is present?

  Progesterone stops the pituitary gland from releasing FSH and LH
• What occurs if fertilization does not take place?

  The level of progesterone falls, leading to the release of the uterus lining and the egg
• How do the levels of FSH and estrogen interact during the menstrual cycle?

  As FSH rises, it triggers the ovaries to release estrogen, which then inhibits FSH production
• What happens to LH levels around the time of ovulation?

  LH levels rise to a peak around day 14, triggering ovulation
• What should you be able to do by the end of the video on contraception?

  Evaluate different methods of contraception and explain related issues.
• What is the significance of the progesterone level after ovulation?

  It rises to maintain the thick lining of the uterus in case of fertilization
• What happens to progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?

  Progesterone levels fall
• Why can't issues around contraception be answered by science alone?

  Because they involve ethical and personal beliefs.
• What is the outcome of the menstrual cycle if fertilization occurs?

  The uterus lining is maintained for the fertilized egg to implant
• What hormone does the contraceptive pill prevent the body from producing?

  FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone).
• How does the contraceptive pill affect egg maturation?

  It prevents the maturation of eggs.
• What are the interactions of hormones during the menstrual cycle?

  1. FSH is released by the pituitary gland, causing egg maturation and estrogen production.
  2. Estrogen thickens the uterus lining and inhibits further FSH release.
  3. LH is released, triggering ovulation.
  4. After ovulation, progesterone is produced to maintain the uterus lining and inhibit FSH and LH.
  5. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels fall, leading to menstruation.
• What is one advantage and one disadvantage of the contraceptive pill?

  Advantage: Highly effective; Disadvantage: Must be taken daily.
• What should foundation tier students focus on regarding hormones in the menstrual cycle?

  Learning the functions of the four key hormones
• What are some risks associated with certain contraceptive pills?

  Increased risk of breast cancer or blood clots.
• What should higher tier students be able to explain about the hormones in the menstrual cycle?

  How the hormones interact in the control of the menstrual cycle
• What are some other hormonal forms of contraception mentioned?

  Implant, skin patch, and injection.
• Where can students find more questions on reproductive hormones?

  In the vision workbook linked in the video
• How does progesterone function in hormonal contraception?

  It stops eggs from maturing or being released.
• What is the significance of the menstrual cycle in human reproduction?

  It prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month
• What is the duration of effectiveness for the implant, injection, and patch?

  Implant: 3 years; Injection: 13 weeks; Patch: 1 week.
• What is a significant disadvantage of hormonal contraception methods?

  They do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• What are barrier methods of contraception?

  Condoms and diaphragms.
• How do barrier methods prevent pregnancy?

  They prevent sperm from reaching an egg.
• What is one advantage of barrier methods compared to hormonal methods?

  They do not have hormonal side effects.
• How can condoms reduce the risk of STIs?

  By providing a barrier that prevents the exchange of bodily fluids.