Protein Synthesis

• Why is it important to understand the human genome?

  It helps in searching for genes linked to diseases and understanding inherited disorders
• In which part of the cell are chromosomes found?

  In the nucleus
• What do chromosomes contain?

  Chromosomes contain the molecule DNA
• What is DNA referred to as?

  Genetic material
• What determines our inherited features?

  Our DNA
• What is the structure of DNA described as?

  A double helix
• What is each strand of DNA made of?

  Each strand is a polymer made by joining together smaller molecules
• What is a gene?

  A small section of DNA on a chromosome
• What does the blood type gene determine?

  The sequence of amino acids for the protein that determines blood type
• How many genes does chromosome 9 have?

  Well over 700 different genes
• What do both chromosomes in a pair have in common?

  Both copies have the same genes
• What is the genome?

  The entire genetic material of an organism
• What is the benefit of studying the human genome?

  It helps search for genes linked to diseases
• How can understanding the human genome help with inherited disorders?

  It helps us understand and treat disorders like cystic fibrosis
• How can the human genome be used in tracing human migration patterns?

  It helps people discover their ancestry
• What are the key points about the structure of DNA for combined science?

  • DNA consists of two strands
  • Each strand is a polymer made of smaller molecules
  • The strands wrap around each other to form a double helix
• What are the benefits of understanding the human genome?

  1. Search for genes linked to diseases (e.g., cancer, Alzheimer's)
  2. Understand and treat inherited disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis)
  3. Trace human migration patterns and discover ancestry
• What is the structure of DNA described as?

  A double helix
• What are the two main components that make up DNA?

  Two strands that wind around each other
• What is DNA made up of?

  Nucleotides
• What are the three main parts of a nucleotide?

  A phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a base
• How many different bases are found in DNA?

  Four
• What are the four bases in DNA?

  A, C, G, and T
• What does it mean for DNA strands to be complementary?

  Same bases always pair on opposite strands
• Which bases pair together in DNA?

  C pairs with G and A pairs with T
• If given the nucleotide sequence of one DNA strand, what can you determine about the opposite strand?

  You can work out the complementary nucleotides
• What is the significance of the phosphate group and sugar molecule in DNA nucleotides?

  • They remain unchanged in all nucleotides
  • They form the backbone of the DNA structure
• What is the role of DNA in cells?

  • DNA is the genetic material
  • It is contained in chromosomes in the nucleus
• What are the building blocks of DNA?

  Nucleotides
• How many different nucleotides are there in DNA?

  Four
• What do the letters A, T, G, and C represent in DNA?

  The different bases of nucleotides
• How do the two strands of DNA relate to each other?

  The two strands are complementary
• Which base pairs with adenine (A) in DNA?

  Thymine (T)
• Which base pairs with cytosine (C) in DNA?

  Guanine (G)
• What are proteins made of?

  Amino acids
• How many different amino acids are there in humans?

  Twenty
• How does the order of amino acids affect a protein?

  The specific order determines the shape and function of the protein
• What type of protein is collagen?

  A structural protein
• What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?

  The sequence of bases in the gene for that protein
• What is the first stage of protein synthesis called?

  Transcription