ISSUES AND DEBATES

• What is free will in the context of behavior?

  Making choices, deciding how to behave, and taking responsibility for our behaviors and their consequences
• How does determinism view human behavior?

  Behavior is governed by internal and external factors, with no control over the environment
• What is hard determinism?

  It is the belief that behavior is entirely determined by external and internal causes
• What is soft determinism?

  It acknowledges both free will and determinism, considering external and internal factors
• What do nativists believe about human qualities?

  Humans are born with qualities they will display at birth, and abilities are inherited
• What is the empiricist view on human development?

  All babies are born alike, with no knowledge or skills, acquiring everything through environments and interactions
• What does the interactionist approach believe?(nature and nurture)

  It believes in the combination of nature and nurture in human development
• What are the differences between idiographic and nomothetic approaches?

  • Idiographic: Focuses on individual behavior using case studies, interviews, and questionnaires
  • Nomothetic: Aims to explain average behavior using experiments and broader data
• What is a combined approach in debates (X vs Y)?

  It utilizes both nomothetic and idiographic methods for a more comprehensive understanding
• What is reductionism in psychology?

  It is the belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into simpler components
• What is holism in psychology?

  It looks at the entire body to explain behavior all at once
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of reductionism and holism?

  • Reductionism:
  • Strength: Simplifies complex behaviors
  • Weakness: May overlook important interactions
  • Holism:
  • Strength: Provides a comprehensive view
  • Weakness: Can be too broad and vague
• What is the interactionist approach in psychology?

  It combines different levels of explanation to understand behavior
• What are the two types of reductionism?

  Biological reductionism and environmental reductionism
• What does biological reductionism focus on?

  It looks to the brain and body to explain complex behavior
• What is environmental reductionism?

  It focuses on the physical environment to explain behavior through independent and dependent variables
• What is gender bias in research?

  Favoring one gender over the other in research findings
• What is alpha bias?

  It exaggerates differences between males and females, often valuing one gender over the other
• What is beta bias?

  It ignores or minimizes differences between genders, treating findings from one gender as applicable to both
• What is androcentric bias?

  It is a male-centered view that neglects or excludes women, treating male behavior as the norm
• What is estrocentric bias?

  It assumes female behavior is abnormal and applies findings from studies of females to males and vice versa
• What does culture encompass in psychology?

  Roles, customs, and morals of a society or group
• What is cultural bias in psychology?

  It occurs when psychologists make assumptions about behavior based on their own cultural norms
• What is ethnocentrism?

  It is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others
• What is cultural relativism?

  It is the view that behavior and morals cannot be judged without considering the cultural context
• What are emic and etic perspectives in psychology?

  • Emic: Insider perspective, focusing on specific cultural phenomena
  • Etic: Outsider perspective, examining what all humans have in common
• What are ethical implications in research?

  They concern the treatment of participants and obtaining consent
• What are ethical guidelines in research?

  They are rules set to prevent ethical issues and protect participants
• What are some examples of ethical issues in research?

  Genetic explanations in offending behavior and the implications for responsibility
• What are the potential social consequences of research findings?

  They can affect how groups are perceived and treated in society
• What is the significance of consent in research?

  It ensures that participants agree to take part in the study