Eukaryotic cells

    Cards (26)

    • Explain the cell theory ( 3 Points )

      All living organisms are made up of one or more cells 
      Cells are the basic functional unit in living  organisms
      New cells are produced from pre existing cells
    • What cell structures does eukaryotic cells have but prokaryotic cell doesn’t ?

      A membrane bound nucleus
      Membrane bound organelles
      several chromosomes
    • Explain the structure of cell membrane and relate it to the function?

      Phospholipids layer embedded with proteins to control the passage of organic molecules uses into and it of the cell
      Contains cholesterol which provides strength and reduces fluidity
      Have receptor molecules which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
      Transport protein
      glycoproteins and glycolipids are for cell recognition and act as receptors regulates the concentration of substances inside the cell
    • Describe the structure of cell wall and how it is related to the function
      • In plants and algae  = made up of cellulose allow molecules to pass between cells 
      • provide mechanical strength and support
      • physical Barrier against pathogens
      • Prevent cells from changing its shape
    • the cell wall of fungi is made out oof ?
      chitin
    • the cell wall of bacteria is made out of ?

      murein
    • Define the term eukaryote and prokaryote cell ?

      • Eukaryotic - DNA is contained in a nucleus , contains membrane bound specialised organelles 
      • Prokaryotic - DNA is free in cytoplasm no organelles ( bacteria , archaea )
    • Describe the role of cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids  in the cell surface membrane ?
      • Cholesterol - connects phospholipids and reduces fluidity 
      • Glycoproteins - cell recognition , signalling , binding cells together 
      • Glycolipids - call signalling and cell recognition
    • Describe the structure and function of the nucleus
      • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope , a semi permeable double membrane and has Nuclear pores that allow substances to enter or exit
      • nucleolus made of RNA and proteins assembles ribosomes
      • contains DNA coiled around chromatin into chromosomes 
      • controls cellular processes : gene expression determines specialisation and site of mRNA transcription, mitosis.
    • Describe the structure of chloroplast
      • membrane bound compartments called thylakoids containing chlorophyll stack to form structure called grana 
      • grana are joined together by lamellae
    • Describe the function of chloroplast
      • site of photosynthesis 
      • small circular pieces of DNA and ribosomes are used to synthesise protein needed in chloroplast
    • Describe the structure of mitochondria
      • double membrane 
      -inner membrane = folded too form cristae
      • matrix (liquid part ) formed by the cristae contains enzymes for aerobic respiration , producing ATP.
      • small circular pieces of DNA are also found in the matrix
      • oval shaped
    • Function of mitochondria
      • Site of aerobic respiration
      • where ATP is produced
    • Ribosomes structure

      • found freely in the cytoplasm or attached to REPR
      • Each ribosome is a complex of ribosomal DNA (rDNA ) and proteins 
    • eukaryotic cells ribosomes
      80s
    • prokaryotic cells ribosomes
      70s
    • Function of
      • Site of translation (protein synthesis )
    • function and structure of rough edoplamic reticulum
      • structure - covered with ribosomes
      • function - process, proteins
    • function and structure of smooth endoplamc reticulum
      • structure - not covered with ribosomes
      • function - production, processing and storage of lipids and carbohydrates
    • Describe the structure of Golgi body
      • A small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm
      • Double membrane
    • Function of the Golgi body
      • Modifies protein and lipids before packaging them vesicles
      • Vesicles transport proteins and lipids to their required destination
      • proteins that go through the Golgi body are usually exported put into lysosomes or delivered to membrane - bound organelles
    • Structure of vacuole
      • A membrane bound membrane - tonoplast 
      • contains cell sap - a weak solution of sugar and salts
    • Function of vacuole
      • Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell ad keep the cell rigid - stops plants from wilting (weak and bend towards the ground)
      • isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell
    • Structure of lysosome
      • a round membrane surrounded by a membrane
      • A specialised vesicles = contains digestive enzymes called lysosomes
    • Function of lysosomes
      • can be used to digest invading cells to breakdown worn out components of the cell
    • Structure and function of vesicles
      • A membrane bound sac for transport and storage
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