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Research Methods
Experiments
Laboratory
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Created by
Zara
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Cards (27)
What type of experiments are carried out in an artificial but tightly controlled environment?
Laboratory
experiments
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What is manipulated by the researcher in a laboratory experiment?
The
independent variable
(
IV
)
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What is measured in a laboratory experiment?
The effect of the
independent variable
on the dependent variable
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In a laboratory experiment, what groups are typically involved?
An
experimental group
and a
control group
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Why are extraneous variables controlled in laboratory experiments?
To ensure that no other variables affect the
findings
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Who conducted an experiment on the effects of prison on the behavior of guards and prisoners?
Zimbardo
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What was Milgram's experiment focused on?
Obedience to an
authority figure
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What did Bandura's experiment investigate?
The effects of
role models
on
aggressive behavior
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What are the theoretical advantages of laboratory experiments according to positivists?
High reliability due to
standardized
procedures
Cause and effect conclusions can be drawn
Internal validity
is high
Scientific laws
and predictions can be generated
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What increases reliability in laboratory experiments?
Standardized
procedures
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How does high reliability benefit laboratory experiments?
It allows studies to be easily repeated to test for
consistency
of results
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In Milgram's original study, what was consistent among participants?
All participants asked the same questions to the learners
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What is a confounding variable?
A variable that was not controlled for and affects the
internal validity
of the study
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What effect can demand characteristics have on a study?
They can influence
participants' behavior
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
When
participants
change their behavior because they know they are being studied
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How do interpretivists view the cause and effect conclusions drawn from laboratory experiments?
They claim human
behavior
cannot be explained solely in terms of
cause
and
effect
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What is a practical advantage of laboratory experiments?
They are easier to set up than other types of experiments
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What is a limitation of laboratory experiments regarding ethical considerations?
It is not always ethical to create
distressing
life events in a lab
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What are the theoretical disadvantages of laboratory experiments according to interpretivists?
Low
ecological validity
due to artificial settings
Internal validity
lowered by the
Hawthorne effect
Experimenter effects
can bias results
Human behavior cannot be fully explained through experimentation
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Why do interpretivists argue that laboratory experiments are not representative?
Because they often have small
sample sizes
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What is a challenge in studying society in a laboratory setting?
The complexity of real-world situations makes it difficult to control all
variables
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Why is it difficult to study large-scale social phenomena in a lab?
Because it is impossible to control all the
variables
affecting behavior
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What ethical issues can arise from laboratory experiments?
Creating
psychological
harm
such as stress and anxiety
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What happened to one participant in Zimbardo's study?
One prisoner participant had to be released due to
severe depression
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Why did Milgram use deception in his study?
To prevent demand characteristics and ensure
valid results
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What justification did Milgram provide for using deception in his study?
The benefits of the
findings
to
society
outweighed the costs
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What are the key ethical considerations in laboratory experiments?
Avoiding
psychological harm
Ensuring
informed consent
Debriefing participants
Minimizing deception
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