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• Brown v. Board of Education


  A landmark Supreme Court case that declared separate schools for black and white students unconstitutional
• Montgomery Bus Boycott

  Led by Martin Luther King Jr., lasted from 1955-1956, and ended with a Supreme Court ruling declaring Montgomery's segregated busing system unconstitutional
• Rosa Parks


  Arrested on December 5, 1955, for refusing to give up her seat to a white person, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott
• What’s civil rights had black people gained by 1877?


  Slavery been abolished freedom of movement and freedom to marry briefly African-Americans have been giving the right to vote educational opportunities
• Plessy v. Ferguson


  A landmark Supreme Court case in 1896 that legalized "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans, leading to racial segregation in the US.
• Williams v. Mississippi


  A Supreme Court case in 1898 that upheld Mississippi's requirement for African Americans to register before voting, contributing to racial disenfranchisement.
• Black Codes


  Laws enacted by Southern states after Reconstruction to control African American life, restricting movement, regulating labor, enforcing segregation, and punishing with brutality.
• Jim Crow Laws


  A collection of racial segregation laws in the US, primarily targeting African Americans, from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries, enforcing segregation and restricting civil rights.
• Southern Manifesto


  A 1956 document signed by 81 Southern Democrats opposing the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, advocating for state-specific measures to protect racial segregation in public education.
• Formal Segregation


  A system of strict racial separation and discrimination in the US, particularly in the South, from the late 19th to mid-20th century, enshrined in law, enforced by violence, and limiting civil rights.
• Chicago Riots of 1919


  A series of violent race riots in Chicago, July 27-August 3, 1919, sparked by a labor dispute, escalating into racial violence, and involving police and National Guard forces, leading to lasting social and economic consequences.
• Executive Order 9981


  A landmark executive order signed by President Harry S. Truman, July 26, 1948, desegregating the US armed forces, ending racial segregation, and establishing fair treatment and equal opportunities for African American service members.
• 14th Amendment

   

  Passed in June 1866 declaring no state could deny any person for rights as an American citizen
• 15th amendment


  Ensured that the rights of citizens shall not be denied or abridged by any state on the Account of race
• Tilden Hayes compromise


  A bargain struck between Hayes and representatives of South Carolina and Louisiana if they would give their votes for Hayes he would give the people of the state of South Carolina and Louisiana the right to control their own affairs the troops were drawn and southern states were now able to ignore the reconstruction legislation
• Plessy v. Ferguson


  A landmark Supreme Court case (1896) that upheld the "separate but equal" concept, allowing segregation in public facilities.
• Jim Crow Laws


  State and local laws (1877-1965) enforcing segregation in public places, education, transportation, and employment.
• Southern States' Control


  The lack of government control and influence in Southern states before Reconstruction led to the development of informal segregation.
• Federal Government's Withdrawal


  The federal government's withdrawal (1877) from enforcing Reconstruction-era laws, allowing Southern states to implement segregation without opposition.
• Justification for Jim Crow Laws


  Plessy v. Ferguson justified the passage of Jim Crow laws, enforcing segregation in public places, education, transportation, and employment across the South.
• Plessy v. Ferguson's Legacy


  Established the "separate but equal" doctrine, allowing segregated public facilities as long as they were equal in quality.
• Expansion of Segregation

  Plessy v. Ferguson legitimized segregation, leading to its expansion into other areas, such as housing, restaurants, and restrooms.
• What amendments were made to improve black civil rights after the Civil War

  The 13th 14th and 15th amendments abolish slavery granted citizenship to African-Americans and insured voting rights regardless of race or colour
• What was the purpose of the civil rights act of 1866?

  It made African-Americans for citizens providing them with the same legal protections as white Americans under the law
• How did President Andrew Johnson's approach to reconstruction differ from that of the radical Republicans

  Johnson prioritised a leniant reconstruction policy and allowed southern states to reintegrate without significant protections for African-Americans clashing with radical Republicans demands for quality and rights
• what challenges did African-Americans face despite legal advancements

  Southern states pass black codes to restrict African-Americans freedoms and economic challenges such as sharecropping kept money in poverty
• What role did the Freedmans bureau play during reconstruction

  Provided support for newly freed african Americans including education legal aid and employment opportunities
• what political opposition arose against reconstruction efforts

  Southern Democrats resisted reforms and many in the North group weary of enforcing reconstruction leading to a decline in support for African-American civil rights
• The long-term impact of reconstruction on African-American civil rights

  While reconstruction established a foundation for legal quality its gains were undermined after ended in 1877 the withdrawal of federal troops allowed southern states to enact Jim Crow laws which institutionalised segregation and disenfranchisement