Bio molecules

• What is a biomolecule?

  A chemical compound found in living organisms
• Which elements are mainly found in biomolecules?

  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus

  
• What is the significance of the wide range of sizes and structures of biomolecules?

  They perform a vast array of functions in living organisms
• What are the four major types of biomolecules?

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
  • Proteins

  
• What are the chemical elements found in all biological molecules?

  Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
• What is the relationship between monomers and polymers?

  Polymers are made from monomers
• What is a monomer?

  A single building block of a polymer
• What is a polymer?

  A large molecule made from many monomers
• What are the four types of polymers mentioned?

  1. Polysaccharide (carbohydrates)
  2. Lipid (fat and oil)
  3. Polypeptide (protein)
  4. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

  
• What is the monomer of polysaccharides?

  Glucose
• What is the chemical formula for glucose?

  C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$

  
• What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

  1. 2:1
• What are sugars also known as?

  Saccharides
• What are the three types of carbohydrates based on the number of sugar units?

  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

  
• What are the roles of carbohydrates in living organisms?

  • Main source of energy for cells
  • Building blocks for larger carbohydrate molecules
  • Transport form of carbohydrates in blood
  • Energy storage in plants (starch) and animals (glycogen)
• What is the main source of energy for cells?

  Glucose
• How is glucose stored in animals?

  In the form of glycogen
• How is glucose stored in plants?

  In the form of starch
• What is the advantage of storing starch rather than glucose in plants?

  Starch is insoluble and has no osmotic effect
• What is glycogen's role in animals?

  Energy storage in animal tissue
• What is cellulose's role in plants?

  Main material for the production of plant cell walls
• Why can't humans digest cellulose?

  Humans lack the enzymes to break it down
• What are the monomers of lipids?

  Three fatty acids and glycerol

  
• How do animal fats differ from plant fats?

  Animal fats are saturated and solid at room temperature
• What is the hydrogen to oxygen ratio in lipids?

  Greater than 2:1
• What are the roles of lipids in living organisms?

  • Energy source and storage
  • Insulation against heat loss
  • Structural component of cell membranes
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Waterproofing in plants and animals
• What are the monomers of proteins?

  Amino acids
• What are the chemical elements always found in proteins?

  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• How many different amino acids are there?

  20 different amino acids

  
• What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

  The sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA
• What are the main functions of proteins in living organisms?

  • Cell growth and repair
  • Energy source when other sources are unavailable
  • Enzymatic functions as biological catalysts
  • Structural roles in cells and tissues
  • Transport functions (e.g., hemoglobin)
  • Hormonal roles (e.g., insulin)
• What is the role of enzymes in biological processes?

  They act as biological catalysts to control chemical reactions
• What is keratin?

  A protein found in hair, feathers, and nails

  
• What is the role of hemoglobin in the body?

  It transports oxygen in red blood cells

  
• What is the function of insulin?

  It regulates blood glucose levels
• What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

  They protect the body against antigens
• What are the structural components of cell membranes?

  • Phospholipids
  • Proteins
• How many different amino acids are there?

  20

  
• What is a protein molecule composed of?

  A long chain of amino acids

  
• What are the main functions of proteins in living organisms?

  • Create cells
  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Maintain tissues
  • Wound healing