APES APEX 3.2.6 Read (Raven 9th edition)

• Resistant Community


  A resistant community stays stable and doesn't change when faced with disturbances.
• Resilient Community


  A resilient community changes but will change back to its original state.
• Species Richness


  More ecosystem services are supplied by ecosystems with greater species richness than by ecosystems with lower species richness.
• Impact of Disturbance


  With many possible interactions, any single interaction/disturbance is not as disruptive as it would be in a community with few possible interactions.
• Climate Factors


  Minor fluctuations in solar intensity and the content of the atmosphere.
• 20 Warmest Years


  Since 1990.
• Phenological Spring


  The point at which buds of certain plants open.
• Phenological Fall


  When leaves of certain trees change color and fall.
• IPCC Prediction


  It predicted that climate warming will continue, and during the 21st century, Earth will be warmer than it has been for several tens of millions of years.
• Global Warming Effects on Timing


  It has caused vegetation leafs to come out earlier in the spring, insects hatch earlier, and birds and mammals breed earlier.
• Range Shifts


  Plants and animals have shifted their ranges toward the poles to escape the rising temperatures in their former ranges.
• Elevation Shifts


  It has caused many species to move up to higher elevations, where it is colder, as their former homes have become too warm.
• Adélie Penguins Reproductive Failure


  The increased air moisture has been causing snow to fall on what were snow-free outcrops of rocks, resulting in slush that kills embryos in incubating eggs.
• Unsynchronized System in Netherlands


  The timing of the trees leafing out, winter moth caterpillars hatching, and great *** eggs hatching has become unsynchronized by warmer temperatures.
• Specialized Habitat Extinction


  It would cause some species to become extinct.
• Ecosystems at Risk

  Coral reefs, mountain ecosystems, coastal wetlands, tundras, and polar areas are at greatest risk of damage.
• Impact on Plants


  This may happen because they can't move; even movement of a population by seed dispersal is limited.
• Ecosystem Services


  The benefits to humans derived from an ecosystem, such as clean water, farm-able land, and wood.
• Community Stability


  In a biological community, the absence of change.
• Emissions Scenario


  A prediction about the amounts, rates, and mix of future greenhouse gas emissions.